Dictionary of Music - Birding America

frottola 151F was the favorite instrument until about 1900, whenit began to be replaced by the newly invented doublehorn.Since 1835, when the valve horn was first calledfor (in Halévy’s opera La Juive), nearly every compositionfor orchestra has included French hornparts, and the instrument is often used in windensembles. In addition, the repertory includes outstandingeighteenth-century works originally writtenfor the hand horn. A few of the outstanding compositionsfor solo French horn (or with major parts forsolo horn) are: Bach’s Brandenberg Concerto no. 1(originally the parts were played by hunting horns);Haydn’s Concerto in D for horn and orchestra;Mozart’s four concertos for horn and orchestra;Beethoven’s Sonata for French horn and piano, op.17; Schumann’s Konzertstück for four horns andorchestra, op. 86; Brahms’s Trio in E-flat for piano,violin, and French horn, op. 40; Richard Strauss’stwo concertos for French horn and orchestra; Hindemith’sConcerto for horn; Chávez’s Concerto forfour horns and orchestra; Britten’s Serenade fortenor voice, French horn, and string orchestra;Wuorinen’s Horn Trio; Ligeti’s Horn Trio and HamburgConcerto for horn and small orchestra;Davies’s Sea Eagle for solo horn; Babbitt’s Aroundthe Horn for solo horn; Zwilich’s Concerto for hornand strings; and Knussen’s Horn Concerto.French overtureFrench sixthSee under OVERTURE.See under SIXTH CHORD.frequency The number of vibrations per secondof a sound, which determines its pitch. See alsoSOUND.frequency modulation See MODULATION, def. 2.Frescobaldi (fres kô bäl′dē), Girolamo (jē rô′lämô), 1583–1643. An Italian composer and organist,remembered mainly for his keyboard music (toccatas,ricercars, fantasias, canzonas). The mostfamous organist of his day, Frescobaldi played at thechurch of St. Peter’s in Rome for about thirty years.Pupils came from all over Europe to study with him,the best known of them being Johann JakobFroberger. It is said that at Frescobaldi’s first concertin Rome, in 1608, some 30,000 persons came tohear him play. He also wrote motets and madrigals.fret One of a series of strips of metal, gut, ivory,or wood fastened to the fingerboard of certainstringed instruments, such as the lute, guitar, andbanjo, which help the fingers to stop the strings atthe proper points for sounding the correct pitches.The number of frets varies according to the instrument.frettoloso (fret′′tô lô′zô) Italian.perform quickly, hurriedly.A direction tofreudig (froi′diKH) German. A direction to performin a happy, joyful manner.frisch (frish) German.brisk, lively way.A direction to perform in aFroberger (frō′ber gər), Johann Jakob (yō′hänyä′kôp), 1616–1667. A German composer andorganist who is remembered for his keyboard works,which include toccatas, fantasias, canzonas, ricercars,and fugues, as well as some of the earliestsuites of the baroque period. A pupil of Frescobaldiin Rome, Froberger was renowned as an organistand made a number of concert tours. He is generallycredited with establishing the order of movementswithin the suite (see SUITE, def. 1).frog Also, British, nut. In bows for violins, violas,etc., a device that holds the hair and is used totighten it.A direction to per-fröhlich (frŒ′liKH) German.form in a gay, joyous manner.Frosch, am (äm frôsh′) German. A direction toplay with the part of the bow nearest the hand.frottola (frôt′tô lä) pl. frottole (frôt′tô le) Italian.1 A general name for various types of nonreligioussong popular in Italy from about 1470 to about1530. Mostly they are four-part songs, with themelody in the treble (soprano), supported by simple