Dictionary of Music - Birding America

346 repeatsecular vocal music was the MADRIGAL (def. 2). Latein the sixteenth century solo songs with instrumentalaccompaniment, especially by lute, became popular,foreshadowing the development of monody (accompaniedmelody) that became so important about1600 (see MONODY, def. 1). Another sixteenth-centurydevelopment was the Lutheran CHORALE, whichplayed an important role throughout the baroque.Finally, the Renaissance marks the beginning ofmodern music theory with the writings of JohannesTinctoris, Gioseffo Zarlino, Francino Gaforio, andothers, as well as the first printing of polyphonicmusic set in movable type (by Ottaviano Petrucciin Venice, beginning with Harmonice MusicesOdhecaton in 1501). The accompanying chart listsimportant composers of the Renaissance.repeat 1 A section of a composition that is to beperformed again, exactly the same as the first time(though occasionally with a different ending). Suchrepetitions are indicated by various signs:a at the end of a composition or section indicatesthat the entire composition or section shouldbe performed again, from the beginning to the sign.b within a composition, later followed by ,indicates that a section is to be performed again,fig. 198 p/u from p. 361beginning at the first sign and ending at thesecond.c The term da capo (“from the beginning”), orthe abbreviation D.C., shows that the first portion ofa composition is to be performed again after a middlesection has been performed; for example, in aminuet and trio, the minuet is repeated after the triohas been performed.d The term dal segno (“from the sign”), referringto the sign indicates that a section is to berepeated, beginning at the sign.2 Certain abbreviations indicating the repetitionof notes, groups of notes, or measures are used forconvenience in musical notation. These are illustratedin the left column.reprise (rŒ prēz′) French. 1 The repetition of asection of a composition after a later section hasbeen performed (see REPEAT, def. 1c). 2 Anothername for the recapitulation in SONATA FORM. 3 InSONATA FORM, the repetition of the exposition beforethe development.Requiem (rek′wē əm) Mass In the RomanCatholic rites, the Mass for the Dead, named for theopening words of the Latin text, Requiem aeternam(“Give them eternal rest”). Part of it belongs to theProper of the Mass, that is, for a special occasion, andpart of it belongs to the Ordinary, the unchanging partof the Mass (see MASS). The Requiem Mass consistsof the following sections: (1) the Introit (Requiemaeternam, “Give them eternal rest”); (2) the Kyrie(Kyrie eleison, “Lord, have mercy upon us”); (3) thesequence Dies irae (“Day of wrath”); (4) the Offertory(Domine Jesu Christe, “Lord Jesus Christ”); (5)the Sanctus (Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus, “Holy, holy,holy”), with a subsection, the Benedictus (Benedictusqui venit, “Blessed is he who comes”); (6) the AgnusDei (“O Lamb of God”); and the Communion (Luxaeterna, “Eternal light”). Occasionally a closingresponsory is added (Libera me, “Deliver me”). Thetwo joyful sections of the normal Mass, the Gloriaand the Credo, both are omitted.Composers began to write polyphonic settings(with several voice-parts, as opposed to the plainsongGregorian chant) of the Requiem Mass in the