Dictionary of Music - Birding America

lullaby 219may have been programmed to react to their orderand timing by altering the synthesizer-generatedharmonies, which in turn may give new ideas to theimprovising performers. Among the live electronicgroups formed by serious musicians in the 1960swere AMM, in London, which included CorneliusCardew; Musica Elettronica Viva, in Rome, withFrederic Rzewski and others; the Sonic Arts Union,formed by Robert Ashley, David Behrman, AlvinLucier, and Gordon Mumma; and the Germanensemble of Karlheinz Stockhausen. During thesame period, rock groups like the Beatles, GratefulDead, and Pink Floyd also were using live electronictechniques. In succeeding decades the possibilitiesfor modifying and projecting sound duringperformance were greatly expanded. Digital equipmentbecame more sophisticated, and indeed thedistinction between live electronic music and computer-generatedsound diminished to the pointwhere the former is no longer considered a separategenre. See also COMPUTER MUSIC; ELECTRONICMUSIC.loco (lô′kô) Italian: “place.” A direction toresume playing at the normal pitch of the writtennotes, after a passage marked “ottava” or “8va”(indicating that the music should be played anoctave higher or lower than written).Locrian (lō′krē ən) modeMODES.See under CHURCHLoesser (les′ûr), Frank, 1910–1969. An Americancomposer, lyricist, and librettist who firstbecame known for his lyrics for film songs in the1930s and early 1940s. After World War II heincreasingly wrote both music and words, producingthe Broadway musical comedies Where’s Charley?(1948), Guys and Dolls (1950; his greatest success),The Most Happy Fella (1956; his most ambitiousscore), and How to Succeed in Business withoutReally Trying (1961).Loewe (lōv), Frederick 1904–1988. An Austrian-bornAmerican composer who is rememberedfor the Broadway musical comedies he wrotetogether with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner. Among themwere Brigadoon (1947), My Fair Lady (1956), andCamelot (1960).Loewe (lŒ′və), Karl (kärl), 1796–1869. AGerman composer remembered mainly for hislieder and other art songs, some five hundred in all.Unlike the lieder of Schubert, his contemporary,Loewe’s lieder are all strophic in form, that is,made up of a series of stanzas for which the samemelody is repeated. Among Loewe’s most famouslieder, which he called Balladen (“ballads”), are“Edward” and “Der Erlkönig,” the latter quite differentfrom Schubert’s setting of the same poem,composed about the same time. (See also BALLADE,def. 3.)long appoggiaturaSee under APPOGGIATURA.lontano (lôn tä′nô) Italian. A direction to performsoftly, as though from a distance.lo stesso tempo (lô stes′sô tem′pô) Italian.ISTESSO TEMPO.Seeloud pedal Another term for DAMPER PEDAL. (Seealso under PIANO, def. 2.)loure (loo — r) French. 1 A sixteenth- and seventeenth-centuryname for bagpipe, particularly thetype used in the French province of Normandy. 2 Adance in 6/4 meter and slow to moderate tempo; anexample is found in Bach’s French Suite no. 5.louré (loo — rā′) French. A direction to play a seriesof notes on the violin or other bowed stringed instrumentsslightly detached but without changing thedirection of the bow. The effect, which may be indicatedby a combination of a slur and dashes over orunder the notes, sounds very much like PIQUÉ.lullaby A cradle song used by mothers to lull ababy to sleep. Such songs are found among practicallyevery people throughout the world. Lullabiesgenerally have a steady, even rhythm, suitable forthe rocking of a cradle, and are soft and gentle.Many lullabies are folk songs, passed on fromgeneration to generation. Among well-known