Dictionary of Music - Birding America

380 short appoggiaturaused for more than three thousand years in Jewishreligious services to signal the arrival of the NewYear. The shofar consists simply of an animal horn,with no separate mouthpiece. It can sound only twonotes, a fifth apart, and has a very piercing, loudtone.short appoggiaturaSee under APPOGGIATURA.short score 1 An orchestral SCORE that omits theless important parts or places several parts on thesame staff. 2 A composer’s sketch of plannedorchestration, shown on only a few staves.short serviceSee under SERVICE.Shostakovitch (sho stä kô′vich), Dmitri (dimē′trē), 1906–1975. A Russian composer whobecame the leading Soviet composer of his time.Shostakovitch studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatoryand for his graduation, at the age of nineteen,wrote his Symphony no. 1, which became one of hismost popular works. In his early works (up to theearly 1930s), Shostakovitch combined songlikemelodies with vigorous dissonances, precise orchestration,and, often, witty satire. These featuresappear in his opera The Nose (based on a short storyby Nikolay Gogol), the ballet The Golden Age, hisfirst four symphonies, and the opera Lady Macbethof Mtsensk. Several times during his careerShostakovitch was harshly criticized by the Sovietgovernment for his decadent, “too modern” music.In each case he accepted the criticism and revisedthe work; in the case of Lady Macbeth, the operawas withdrawn and did not reappear for nearly thirtyyears (revised as Katerina Ismailova). From themid-1930s on Shostakovitch wrote in a style thatwon Soviet approval. It is evident most clearly in anumber of very long symphonies, which are tonal inconception, with a good deal of repetition ofrhythms and harmonies and large-scale dramaticcontrasts. Shostakovitch wrote fifteen symphonies inall. Some are associated with specific historic events(no. 13 commemorates Babi Yar, site of a Nazi massacreof Jews) and others are intensely personal (no.14 is a song cycle on death). His other works includeconcertos for piano (some for two pianos), ballets,patriotic cantatas, songs, incidental music for playsand motion pictures, and fifteen string quartets andother chamber music.shout A spiritual that expresses religious jubilationrather than sorrow. In RHYTHM AND BLUES theterm came to mean a vigorous style of singing, inmarked contrast to the wailing, sighing style of someblues.shuffle 1 A dance of black Americans. 2 A rhythmpattern similar to that of BOOGIE-WOOGIE but syncopated,that is, with eight eighth notes to the bar andthe first, third, fifth and seventh dotted:siSame as ti; see under SOLMIZATION.fig. 220 p/ufrom p. 397Sibelius (si bā′lē əs), Jean (zhän), 1865–1957.A Finnish composer who was his country’s leadingnationalist composer (see NATIONALISM). Of hisworks, the best known are the long ones, principallyhis seven symphonies and his symphonic poems. Healso wrote a great many piano works and songs.Sibelius’s music is largely traditional in the treatmentof melody and harmony. Although he used folkelements, he never actually quoted folk songs.Among his most popular works are his Symphonyno. 2, the symphonic poems The Swan of Tuonela,En Saga, Karelia, and Finlandia, the string quartetentitled Voces intimae (“Intimate Voices”), and aViolin Concerto. All these were written before 1927;for the last thirty years of his life Sibelius producedalmost no music.siciliana (sē chēlyä′nä) Italian. Also, siciliano(sē chēl yä′nô); French, sicilienne (sē sēl yen′). Amoderately slow dance of the island of Sicily, in6/8 or 12/8 meter, which came to be used as theslow movement in sonatas and suites of the seventeenthand eighteenth centuries. With its liltingmelody and slightly uneven rhythms, it is very similarto the pastorale (see PASTORALE, def. 2). It wasalso used in vocal music, mainly in cantatas andoperas.