Dictionary of Music - Birding America

just intonation 203only one fundamental pitch is produced by thevibrating tongue, the player can, by changing theposition of cheeks and lips, produce different harmonics(overtones) of the fundamental pitch, as in abugle. Although the Jew’s-harp is a very ancientinstrument that came to Europe from Asia, it has nohistorical connection with the Jews. It is still used asa folk instrument in some places, such as Austria,but it has been largely replaced by the harmonica.jig A lively dance popular in England and Irelandduring the sixteenth century, and later adopted onthe European continent (see GIGUE.)jingling JohnnieCRESCENT.jodel (yōd′əl).fig. 137 p/u from p. 208Another name for the TURKISHThe German spelling of YODEL.jongleur (zhôN glŒr′) French: “juggler.” In theMiddle Ages, a traveling minstrel-entertainer whosang, danced, juggled, performed tricks (sometimeswith trained bears or other animals), etc. Some jongleursworked together with troubadours and trouvères.Josquin des Prez (zhôs kaN′ dā prā′), c.1445–1521. A Flemish composer, considered thesingle greatest member of the FLEMISH SCHOOL,even during his own lifetime. After beginning hismusical career as a choirboy, Josquin went to Italy,where he worked for many years, first in Milan andthen in Rome and Ferrara. Later he served as courtcomposer to King Louis XII of France, and hespent his last years at Condé and Brussels. His contemporariesregarded Josquin as the greatest composerof their time, and he had enormous influenceon other musicians, many of whom studied withhim. His compositions—mainly Masses, motets,and secular chansons (nonreligious songs with severalvoice-parts)—not only show the principal featuresof the new Renaissance style, but are outstandingfor their great emotional expressiveness,ranging from lighthearted playfulness to sombermourning and penitence.jota (KHô′tä) Spanish. A lively dance in triplemeter (any meter in which there are three basic beatsin a measure, such as 3/4 or 3/8), which originated inthe province of Aragon, in northeast Spain. The jotais performed by couples to the accompaniment ofcastanets. Several composers have been attracted tothe form, among them Liszt, who used a jota in hisRhapsodie espagnole (“Spanish Rhapsody”) no. 16,and Glinka, who wrote an orchestral overture entitledJota aragonesa.jug band See BAND, def. 10.just intonation A system of tuning in which thedistances between pitches are based on the naturalharmonic series. The main disadvantage of this systemis that it works for only one key at a time, sincethe precise pitch of most notes would vary dependingon what key one started in. For example, A in thekey of C major would be slightly lower in pitch thanA in the key of D major. In practice, therefore, it isimpossible to modulate from one key to another onan instrument tuned to just intonation. Twentiethcenturycomposers who have experimented with justintonation include LaMonte Young and HarryPartch. See also TEMPERAMENT.