Dictionary of Music - Birding America

460 videChapel of the Vatican), the Mass based on his motet,O quam gloriosum (“Oh, How Glorious”), and hisOfficium defunctorum (“Office for the Dead”), writtenfor the funeral of his patroness, the EmpressMaria.vide (vē′de) Latin: “see.” Abbreviated V. 1 A termused in scores to mark a portion that the performermay omit if desired. The beginning of the section iscommonly marked Vi . . . and the end . . . de. Theperformer may leave out the entire section. Frequently,a sign consisting of a circle with a crossthrough it •+ is added to call attention to the section.2 (vēd) French: “blank.” See under CORDE.video opera An opera created specifically to beseen on television and therefore composed on videotape.An example is the American composer RobertAshley’s Perfect Lives (1981).viel (fēl) German: “much” or “very.” Also, vielem(fēl′əm). A word used in musical directions like mitviel Gefühl (“with much feeling”).viele 1 (vyel). Another spelling of VIELLE. 2(fēl′e). The plural of VIEL.vielemSee VIEL.vielle (vyel) French. Also, viele, viole. A bowedstringed instrument of the Middle Ages that wasused to accompany singers (minstrels). It began tobe used during the twelfth century and was widelyplayed, especially in France and Germany, untilabout the fifteenth century. The vielle was fairlysmall; the player held it under the chin, much likethe modern violin, instead of over the knees, likeother stringed instruments of the time. The viellehad three, four, or five strings. Pictures inChartres, France, whose cathedral dates from thetwelfth and thirteenth centuries, show threestringedmodels. A treatise by Jerome of Moravia,dating from about 1250, describes the vielle ashaving four melody strings plus a fifth string usedas a drone (continuously sounding one pitch). Theearlier vielles had an oval-shaped body, whichlater gave way to a body with an indented waist,similar to the guitar’s. In Italy the vielle appears tohave developed into the LIRA DA BRACCIO sometimelate in the fifteenth century, and it in turn wasreplaced by the violin.vielle à roue (vyel A roo — ). See under HURDY-GURDY.Viennese classics A term sometimes used for theclassic style of Haydn and Mozart; see CLASSIC.vif (vēf) French.manner.A direction to per-vigoroso (vē gô rô′sô) Italian.form in an energetic manner.A direction to perform in a livelyvihuela (vē wā′lä) Spanish. Also, vihuela demano (dā mä′nô). A small guitar strung and fingeredlike a lute, which during the sixteenth centurywas as important in Spain as the lute was inother European countries (see LUTE). Like the guitar,the vihuela had a flat back, long narrow neck,and fingerboard provided with frets (to indicatestopping positions). Like the lute, it had six doublecourses of strings (six pairs, with each string of apair tuned to the same pitch; the guitar of thisperiod had only four strings); they were usuallytuned G, D, A, F, C, G. The vihuela was pluckedwith the fingers (mano means “hand”) rather thanwith a plectrum.fig. 259 p/ufrom p. 482Whereas the guitar was used for folk and popularmusic, the vihuela was used for court and art music.The repertory for vihuela, which includes both solopieces and accompaniment for songs, was written ina tablature similar to that for the lute (indicating thestrings and frets to be used instead of the pitches tobe sounded; see TABLATURE). Some of the loveliestpieces for vihuela were written by Luis Milán, Luisde Narváez, and Miguel de Fuenllana, all containedin books published during the sixteenth century. Inthe seventeenth century the vihuela was largelyreplaced by the guitar.