Dictionary of Music - Birding America

Flemish school 143flageolet (flaj′′ə let′, flaj′′ə lā′). A small FIPPLEFLUTE with a narrow bore and six finger holes, fourin front for the fingers and two in back for thethumbs. In range and tone it is similar to the PIC-COLO. The flageolet, dating from the late sixteenthcentury, became quite popular in France andEngland during the next hundred years. Versionscontinued to be made through the nineteenthcentury, among them a French type with keys.flageolet tone See HARMONIC, def. 3.flam (flam). A drumbeat in which the accentedstroke is preceded by one quick, unaccented stroke.It is usually performed on the snare drum.flamenco (flä men′kô) Spanish. A type of musicfrom Andalusia, in southern Spain, that is thought todate from the nineteenth century. Although it may beused to accompany dancing, flamenco usually consistsof singing with guitar accompaniment, assistedby castanets to punctuate the rhythm. The mood offlamenco music ranges from sad and plaintive tofiery and brilliantly accented. The flamenco style ofguitar playing is more dramatic than the classicalstyle, and it employs different fingerings. Frequentlya slightly different kind of guitar is used, one that issomewhat narrower, has fourteen to nineteen frets(in contrast to the twelve of the classical guitar), andhas a sharper, more brilliant tone (owing to the useof cypress wood for the back and sides). The flamencoguitar often has one or two plastic or woodenplates next to the sound hole, which the guitaristtaps with the fingernails for a percussive effect.flat 1 An accidental that lowers the pitch of a noteby one half tone, indicated by the sign ♭. 2 A termused to describe a tone, either sung or played, that isslightly below the correct pitch, as well as for instrumentstuned slightly below normal pitch.flautandoSee FLAUTATO.fig. 102 p/u from p. 146flautato (flou tä′tô) Italian: “flutelike.” Also,flautando (flou tän′dô). A light tone, produced bybowing gently but rapidly over the fingerboard (seealso TASTIERA, SULLA).flautistBritish term for flutist (flute player).flauto (flou′tô) Italian: “flute.” 1 After about1750, the side-blown orchestral FLUTE. 2 Also,flauto dolce. Before about 1750, the RECORDER, theside-blown flute being called flauto traverso.flauto piccolo (flou′tô pē′kô lô).term for PICCOLO.The Italianflauto traverso (flou′tô trä ver′sô) Italian:“transverse flute.” An Italian term for the side-blownorchestral flute, used to distinguish it from theRECORDER.flebile (fle′bē le) Italian. A direction to performin a plaintive, mournful manner.Flemish school A large group of composers whoworked from about 1450 to 1600 and are consideredthe successors of the BURGUNDIAN SCHOOL.Although called “Flemish,” these men came from aregion much larger than present-day Flanders, consistingat that time of all of present-day Belgium,central and southern Holland, and the adjoiningportions of northern France. (It therefore is alsocalled the Franco-Flemish school or Netherlandsschool.) The Flemish school, together with the Burgundianschool, includes nearly all of the importantcomposers of the Renaissance, since many of theFlemish composers traveled and worked throughoutEurope. (See the chart of composers accompanyingRENAISSANCE.) The first great master of the Flemishschool was Johannes Ockeghem (c. 1420–1495),known for his church music, especially Masses andmotets. Among his contemporaries were AntoineBusnois (died 1492), known for his chansonsand other secular (nonreligious) compositions, andthe theorist Johannes Tinctoris (1436–1511), whosetreatises include the first printed dictionary ofmusic, Terminorum musicae diffinitorium (“Definitionof Musical Terms”), written in the 1470sand printed about 1494. The next generationbrought Jacob Obrecht (c. 1450–1505), Heinrich