Dictionary of Music - Birding America

10 andanteandante (än dän′te) Italian: “walking.” 1 Amoderate tempo, faster than adagio but slower thanallegretto, ranging from about 76 to 108 quarternotes per minute. Musicians have long disagreed asto whether andante is a slow or a fast tempo, a pointthat must be determined in order to understand theterms più (more) or molto (very) andante and meno(less) andante. If andante were a slow tempo, piùandante would mean still slower and meno andanteless slow; if it were a fast tempo, they would meanexactly the opposite. Today most—but not all—musicians tend to consider andante a slow tempo.2 A piece or section in this tempo.andante con moto (än dän′te kôn mô′tô) Italian.See under MOTO.andantino (än′′dän tē′nô) Italian. 1 A tempoeither slightly slower or, more often, slightly fasterthan andante (see ANDANTE, def. 1, for an explanationof the confusion). 2 A short piece in andantinotempo.Anfang, vom (fôm än′fäng ) German. A directionto repeat a composition or section from the beginning.angelica (än jāl′i kä) Italian. A large fretted basslute of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,with a long neck and two sets of sixteen or seventeengut strings set side by side. An ARCHLUTE similar tothe THEORBO, it was said to be easier to play. Alsoangel lute, angélique (French).anglaise (äN glez′, äng glāz′) French: “English.”A dance of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,so called because it is based on the English countrydance. In fast tempo, it could be in duple meter (anymeter in which there are two basic beats per measure,such as 2/4), in triple meter (three basic beatsper measure), or 6/8 meter, with an accent on thefirst beat of each measure. Like the allemande andmany other dances, the anglaise eventually became apurely musical form and was no longer danced; assuch it was sometimes used as a movement in a suite(see SUITE, def. 1), where it was always in duplemeter with no upbeat and in two-part form, witheach part repeated (A A B B). Sometimes the name“anglaise” was used for other dances of English origin,such as the hornpipe.Anglican chant Harmonized music (music forseveral voice-parts) for the texts of psalms and canticles,which are sung during the services of the variousAnglican churches (Church of England, ScottishEpiscopal churches, the American Episcopalchurches, etc.). The psalms and their music arefound in books called psalters (see under PSALM).Anglican chant began to be composed in the sixteenthcentury soon after the Church of Englandbroke away from the Roman Catholic Church. Atthat time, composers such as Thomas Tallis, WilliamByrd, and Orlando Gibbons began to write longfour-part settings of psalms, in imitation of thepsalm tones (see PSALM TONE) used in the Gregorianchant of the Roman Catholic churches. Since thepsalms used are in prose, it is not always clear howthe words fit the music. This problem is solved bypointing, that is, marking exactly how the wordsand syllables go with the notes, by means of brackets,bar lines, asterisks, or other symbols.ängstlich (eng st′liKH) German. A direction toperform in a fearful, anxious manner.anhemitonic (an hem′′ i ton′ ik). Lacking semitones(half tones). An anhemitonic scale is one thatcontains no half tones, such as the WHOLE-TONESCALE or a PENTATONIC (five-tone) SCALE.anima, con (kon ä′ nē mä) Italian. Also, animato(ä′′ nē mä′ tô). A direction to perform in a lively,spirited manner. Also, animé (French).animatoSee ANIMA, CON.Anschlag (än′sh läk) German. 1 In keyboardplaying, the manner in which the performer strikesthe keys. 2 A double appoggiatura (see APPOG-GIATURA, DOUBLE).answer In a fugue, the repetition of the first theme(called the subject) in another part, transposed(moved) to another key, usually the DOMINANT but