Dictionary of Music - Birding America

ore 45of whom are Giuseppe Torelli (1658–1709), GiovanniBattista Vitali (c. 1644–1692), Giovanni BattistaBassani (c. 1657–1716), and DomenicoGabrielli (c. 1650–1690). These composers, whowrote mainly instrumental music, are notable forcontributing to the development of several importantmusical forms, particularly the trio sonata and theconcerto grosso. Their music is elegant, restrained,and formal in structure.bombarde (bôN bArd′). 1 A French name for alarge SHAWM. 2 In organs, a powerful reed stop.bombardon (bom′bar d ə n). See under TUBA.Also, in organs, a chorus reed stop.bones A percussion instrument consisting of tworods of ivory, wood, or, originally, animal bone(whence the name), which are held between the fingersof one hand so that a flick of the wrist makesthem click together. Often used in pairs (one pair perhand), they have been known since ancient times.bongo drums Also, bongos. A pair of smallbarrel-shaped drums, of the same height but usuallyof slightly different diameter, that are joinedtogether. The frames of the drums, made of thickwood, are covered with skin at only one end. Theyare played with the hands. Originating in Cuba,bongo drums are occasionally used in dance bands,principally for playing the music of Latin Americaand the Caribbean islands, but a few composers haveincluded them in scores, among them Boulez (LeMarteau sans maître) and Varèse (Ionisation).bongosSee BONGO DRUMS.fig. 32 p/u from p. 48boogie-woogie (boo g′′ē woo g′ē). A style ofpiano playing popular in the United States in the1920s, in which the pianist played a kind of musicvery similar to vocal blues. While the left handplays a steady, rhythmic bass accompaniment,often in the form of an eight-to-the-bar ostinato(repeated figure) or a “walking bass” of brokenoctaves, the right hand plays a melody, using dottedeighth and sixteenth notes, heavy chords, riffs,tremolos, and similar devices. Like blues, boogiewoogieoften consists of twelve-measure sections,the melody tends to be in short phrases, and therelationship of the rhythm and harmony of themelody with that of the bass is very free. In the1930s and 1940s the boogie-woogie style wasadopted by swing bands (see under JAZZ), somevocal groups such as the Andrews Sisters, andsome country-music performers.bop Also, bebop, rebop. A jazz style of the 1940s,named for the nonsense syllables sometimes sung byits performers. Bop differs from earlier jazz in itsfast-moving, highly intricate melodies, complexrhythms, and dissonant harmonies. It is performedprincipally by a soloist, to whom all the other playersare subordinate. The outstanding leader in developingbop was the alto saxophonist Charlie (“Bird”)Parker. Others who played in bop style, at least for atime, were trumpeters Miles Davis and Dizzy Gillespie,pianist Thelonious Monk, and drummers ArtBlakey and Max Roach.bore In wind instruments (flute, oboe, trumpet,and others), the interior of the tube that encloses theair column inside the body of the instrument. Boresare differentiated according to their shape and size.There are two main kinds, conical and cylindrical. Aconical bore is cone-shaped, beginning to widen atthe mouth-piece and continuing to widen all the waydown to the bell; this type of bore occurs in theoboe, saxophone, tuba, cornet, bugle, bassoon, andFrench horn. A cylindrical bore maintains the samediameter for most of its length, becoming wider onlynear the bell; this type of bore is found in the clarinet,trumpet, and trombone. The length of the boredetermines the lowest pitch obtainable (the longer itis, the lower the pitch). Also, a tube closed at oneend produces a pitch one octave lower than one thatis open.