Dictionary of Music - Birding America

free reed 149considered American folk songs. The most famous ofFoster’s songs are “Old Folks at Home” (often called“Swanee River”), “Oh, Susanna,” “My Old KentuckyHome,” “Massa’s in de Cold, Cold Ground,” “OldBlack Joe,” “De Camptown Races,” “Jeanie with theLight Brown Hair,” and “Beautiful Dreamer.”foundation stopSee under ORGAN.fourteenth The interval of an octave plus a seventh,for example, from middle C to the B belowhigh C.fig. 107 p/u from p. 153fourth Also, perfect fourth. The interval made upof the first and fourth tones (in rising order ofpitches) in any major or minor scale, for example,C–F in the scale of C major (do and fa in solmizationsyllables). —augmented fourth The intervalone half tone larger than a perfect fourth, such asC♭–F or C–F♯ . See also TRITONE. —diminishedfourth The interval one half tone smaller than a perfectfourth, such as C♯ –F or C–F ♭. On keyboardinstruments this interval is identical to the majorthird (see ENHARMONIC for an explanation).fig. 108 p/u from p. 153fourth chord A chord that is made up of twofourths (for example, C–F–B♭), or one that containsa fourth in addition to other intervals (for example,F–B♭–C–E♭). Alexander Scriabin was one of the firstto use a harmony based on fourths, which until thenhad been rejected because such chords are dissonant,and in several compositions he used a chordmade up of five fourths (see under SCRIABIN). Othercomposers who have made considerable use of harmonybased on fourth chords are Bartók, Berg, Hindemith,and Schoenberg.four-three chord The second inversion of a seventhchord (see INVERSION, def. 1).four-two chord The first inversion of a seventhchord (see INVERSION, def. 1).fox trot A ballroom dance that originated in theUnited States about 1912 and was the only one ofapproximately 100 popular dance forms of thatperiod to survive. In duple meter, usually 2/4 or 4/4,it could be either slow or fast. The 2/4 version of thefox trot is also called the two-step.fp The abbreviation for FORTE PIANO, def. 1.Franck (fräNk), César (sā zAr′), 1822–1890. ABelgian composer and organist, remembered mainlyfor instrumental compositions that he wrote late inhis life, after about 1876. Franck studied both in Belgiumand in Paris, where he lived and taught. Hiscompositions are for the most part in traditionalromantic style, but they are notable for their free useof chromatic harmonies. Franck invented a form hecalled sonate cyclique (“cyclical sonata,” usuallytranslated as “cyclical form”), in which one or morethemes appear again and again throughout a composition,with few, if any, changes. During his lifetimeFranck was renowned more as a teacher than as acomposer; among his pupils were Vincent d’Indy,Ernest Chausson, and Henri Duparc. In a time dominatedby vocal music, especially opera, Franck concentratedlargely on instrumental music, especiallyorgan music in the contrapuntal tradition of Bach andother baroque masters; his three Chorales for organare fine examples. Also outstanding among his worksare the symphonic poem Le Chasseur maudit (“TheAccursed Huntsman”), Variations symphoniques(“Symphonic Variations”) for piano and orchestra,his oratorio Les Béatitudes, a violin sonata, and hismasterpiece, the Symphony in D minor.Franco-Flemishfree canonfree counterpointfree jazzfree reedSee FLEMISH SCHOOL.See under CANON.See under JAZZ.See under REED.See under COUNTERPOINT.