Dictionary of Music - Birding America

332 quotation, musicalmelody in one voice-part and another in a differentvoice-part. The melodies so used often combinedreligious music (Gregorian chants, for example)with popular songs. The Spanish version of quodlibet,which first appeared in the Cancionero del Palacio(c. 1500), is called ensalada (“salad”). A particularlywell-known example of quodlibet is found inthe last variation of Bach’s Goldberg Variations, inwhich two popular tunes are combined.quotation, musical The deliberate inclusion ofmusical material from another composition, to conveyan idea or a mood, evoke an ironic comparison,or make some other analogy. The technique is alsocalled quotation and collage (collage is French for“necklace”), a term borrowed from the visual arts todescribe the layering of tunes or other borrowedmusical elements with new material. It has beenused in titles, as by Roberto Gerhard for his Symphonyno. 3, Collages with Tape (1960).The process of quotation is far from new. J. S.Bach, for example, quoted a bawdy folk song in hisPeasant Cantata for humorous effect, and manyother composers have used the device both beforeand since. However, quotation has become particularlyassociated with certain composers from the1960s on. George Crumb, in Ancient Voices of Children,evoked the mood and manner of Ravel’sBoléro and Debussy’s Ibéria without precisely quotingthese earlier compositions; Druckman’s Windowssimilarly evokes Ravel’s La Valse; Rochbergin Music for the Magic Theater quoted Beethoven,Mozart, and Mahler, and in his String Quartet no. 3used both older styles (Beethoven, Mahler, Bartók,Stravinsky) and direct quotation (Mahler’s NinthSymphony); Davies frequently quoted medieval andRenaissance music. Stockhausen not only quotedthe music of other cultures but sometimes actuallyincluded it—in the form of tape recordings made inthe field, of music from Africa, South America,Japan, Bali, Vietnam, and elsewhere—as raw materialfor his tape piece Telemusik, although he thenmodified these segments electronically to integratethem with the composition. Other modern composersknown for their use of quotation are JohnCage, Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Michael Tippett,Mauricio Kagel, Hans Werner Henze, LucianoBerio, Henri Pousseur, and Christopher Rouse (hisTrombone Concerto, in memory of Leonard Bernstein,quotes Bernstein’s Kaddish Symphony, andhis Cello Concerto of 1994 quotes from works bythree other recently deceased composers, WilliamSchuman, Andrzej Panufnik, and Stephen Albert, aswell as from Monteverdi).