Ninth International Conference on Permafrost ... - IARC Research

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Satellite Observations of Frozen Ground, Snowmelt (1989–2007), and HydrologicalResponses at a Discontinuous Permafrost Aquifer (Fort Wainwright, Alaska)Sarah E. KopczynskiCold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755Joan M. RamageLehigh University, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bethlehem, PA 18015IntroductionSnow cover influences permafrost thermal regimes andseasonally frozen ground, and thus impacts groundwaterflow, surface runoff, and soil moisture (Ling & Zhang2003). Within permafrost aquifers, climatic warming willlikely increase active layer depth, warm the soil profile,increase soil moisture storage, increase evaporation, causevariable runoff responses, and increase groundwater flux tostreamflow (Hinzman & Kane 1992). The aim of this researchis to report climate warming impacts at Fort Wainwright andresulting groundwater response over 19 years. Specifically,we investigate timing of spring snowmelt, drawing attentionto impacts on permafrost groundwater hydrologic patterns.Fort Wainwright is located in Interior Alaska east ofFairbanks within the Chena watershed (Fig. 1). Discontinuouspermafrost is distributed throughout unconsolidated alluvialsediments and fractured schist bedrock. Groundwater isinfluenced by the local Chena and regional Tanana Rivers.MethodologyPassive microwave remote sensingThis research applies 19 years of multiple daily satellitebrightness temperature (Tb) observations of the polar orbitingSpecial Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) downloaded byonline archive. Microwave data measure through darkness,clouds, and precipitation. SSM/I data are used to monitorsnowmelt onset and duration (Ramage & Isacks 2002).Snow melts and refreezes when Tb(37V)≥246K andabs(DAV)≥10K. The DAV is the daily amplitude variationof ascending and descending Tb overpasses. Large DAV(>10) indicates melt-refreeze cycles, followed by ripe snowconditions when DAV transitions from abs(DAV)≥10K toabs(DAV)
Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co n f e r e n c e o n Pe r m a f r o s tin a through-talik. Groundwater velocities in the permafrostaquifer increase during annual active layer freezingwhen local water levels drop each fall, while there are nocomparable responses in permafrost-free areas.Groundwater velocity measurements are stronglyinfluenced by the timing, magnitude, and duration ofsnowmelt and ground freezing. These groundwater responseswill continue to change as permafrost continues to degrade.Figure 2. Historical trends in snowmelt onset (a) and duration (b)determined using satellite passive microwave algorithms.This research establishes long-term baseline observationsto underpin investigations of climate warming impacts onpermafrost hydrology, and sets the stage for future work toquantitatively model these interactions.AcknowledgmentsThis research was funded by NASA Graduate FellowshipNNX06AG08H, U.S. Army Fellowship, NASA TerrestrialHydrology Grant NNG04GR31G, Lehigh University, U.S.Army Alaska. SSM/I data was provided by the NationalSnow and Ice Data CenterReferencesHinzman, L.D. & Kane, D.L. 1992. Potential response of anarctic watershed during a period of global warming.Journal of Geoph. Res.–Atmospheres 97(D3): 2811-2820Hinzman, L.D. & Lilly, M.R. 1999–2000. Climate datafrom the Fort Wainwright Hydrology Research. UAFWERC: www.uaf.edu/water/projects/ftww/ftww.htmlFairbanks, Alaska. (Ap6009; May99–May00).Ling, F. & Zhang, T. 2003. Impact of the timing andduration of seasonal snow cover on the active layerand permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic. Permafrost andPeriglacial Processes 14: 141-150Ramage, J.M. & Isacks, B.L. 2002. Determination of meltonset and refreeze timing on southeast Alaskanicefields using SSM/I diurnal amplitude variations.Annals of Glaciology 34: 391-398.Zhang, T. & Armstrong, R.L. 2001. Soil freeze/thaw cyclesover snow-free land detected by passive microwaveremote sensing. Geoph. Res. Letters 28(5): 763-766Figure 3. Permafrost-free and through-talik hydrologic responsesto ground-freeze and snow melt-refreeze (a) at Fort Wainwright(1999–2000). Snow is ripe after the melt-refreeze interval.144
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ContentsPreface ...................
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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Satellite Observations of Frozen Gr
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xiiIce Wedge Thermal Regime in Nort
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xivPermafrost Response to Dynamics
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NICOP SponsorsUniversitiesUniversit
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Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupi
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Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in
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Cryological Status of Russian Soils
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Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plume
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Permafrost Delineation Near Fairban
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Preparatory Work for a Permanent Ge
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A Provisional Soil Map of the Trans
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Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbi
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Time Series Analyses of Active Micr
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Impact of Permafrost Degradation on
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DC Resistivity Soundings Across a P
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Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regim
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A Provisional Permafrost Map of the
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Alpine Permafrost Distribution at M
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Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasu
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Modeling Potential Climatic Change
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A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth
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Modeled Continual Surface Water Sto
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Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra So
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Discontinuous Permafrost Distributi
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Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Was
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Seasonal and Interannual Variabilit
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Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data f
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Continued Permafrost Warming in Nor
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Landsliding Following Forest Fire o
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A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dy
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Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiratio
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Greenland Permafrost Temperature Si
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The Importance of Snow Cover Evolut
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The Account of Long-Term Air Temper
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The Combined Isotopic Analysis of L
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Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s
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Human Experience of Cryospheric Cha
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HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mo
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A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through th
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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First Results of Ground Surface Tem
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Historical Changes in the Seasonall
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Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area,
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Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, N
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Climate Change in Permafrost Region
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Maximizing Construction Season in a
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Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-W
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