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The Oil Pollution Influence of Frozen Soils on Their Geophysical CharacteristicsYu.D. ZykovThe Moscow State University, Geological Faculty, Geocryology DepartmentA.V. KoshurnikovThe Moscow State University, Geological Faculty, Geocryology DepartmentI.V. AnisimovaThe Moscow State University, Geological Faculty, Geocryology DepartmentT.E. MironovaThe Moscow State University, Geological Faculty, Geocryology DepartmentHigh rates of oil-extracting development and processindustries in the cryolitozone have created a sharpgeoenvironmental problem. It is pollution of naturaltechnicalsystems by oil and its products. The general lossesof oil are estimated within the limits of 2–10% from annualextraction or from 5 to 25 million tons a year (Arens 1994,Masur 1995), in western Siberia approximately 0.7 and 0.4million tons in the Timano-Pechora region (Permafrost …2002).In the Geocryology Department at Moscow StateUniversity, a special program on studying moving pollutingorganic substances (Ershov et al. 1996, Chuvilin et al. 2001)has been carried out. It is found that oil migrates in frozensoil and is present even at negative temperatures (up to -20°Cand below). The research is confirmed recently in laboratory(Chuvilin et al. 2001) and field (Biggar et al. 1998).Hydro carbonic pollution leads to change in thetemperature-humid mode of soil thawing due to change inheat conductivity and thermal capacity—properties of frozendisperse soils as the bases of engineering constructions. Itcan also lead to development of negative geocryologicalprocesses and phenomena (Korolev 2001).Thus, detection of and supervision over the dynamics ofthe pollution process became one of the serious ecologicalproblems. Geophysical methods can be an important toolif the change in frozen soil properties laws is known. Forthese purposes laboratory research is executed at some set ofvalues of a pollution degree (Z), from 0 to 10% (to weight ofa mineral part) (Zykov et al. 2003).Specific electric resistance (ρ) and polarizability (η) wereУЭС, Омм100000100001000100101measured by peak-phase method on “Spectrum” equipment(Open Company, Moscow State University–Geophysics)with the installation of four-electrodes. Speeds of longitudinalwaves (Vp) were measured by ultrasonic equipment UD4-130 (Scientific Industrial Union “LUCH”) on frequencies 60and 100 kHz.The executed measurements have shown that, in mostcases, pollution causes a decrease in ρ (УЭС) [u.e.r.] andV p. Thus, apparently from the resulting figures, in soils notsalted, at negative temperatures, the influence of pollutionis shown more strongly (Fig. 1). Except for what is wellУЭС, Омм10000010000100010010-40 -20 0 20 t, 40о С1 2 3 4 5Figure 1. Temperature dependences УЭС [u.e.r.] (ρ) in oil and innot salted polluted sand; a degree of pollution (Z) and humidity(W). 1 – Z = 0, W = 20%; 2 – Z = 0, W = 10%; 3 – Z = 2.5%, W =10%; 4 – Z = 10%, W = 0; 5 – oil.V p, м/с40003000200010000 ,1-40 -20 0 20 t, о 40 С0-40 -20 0 20 t, 40о С1 2 2' 3 3'Figure 2. Temperature dependences. A: УЭС [u.e.r.], and B: V in the sand salted by solution NaCl of various concentration (С) with variousPdegree of pollution (Z) at the fixed humidity (W = 10%). 1 – C = 0.0476; 2 – Z = 0; 2 – C = 0.0476; Z = 2.5%; 2 ′ – C = 0.0476; Z = 5%; 3 – C= 0.0909; Z = 2.5%; 3 ′ – C = 0.0909; Z = 5%.367
Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co n f e r e n c e o n Pe r m a f r o s tV p, м/с50004000V p, м/с500040003000300020002000100010000-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 t, 30о С0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 t, 30о С1 2 3Figure.3. Influence of a degree of oil pollution (Z) for speed of longitudinal waves (V ). A: in caolin (W = 40%) and sand (W = 20%). 1 – ZP= 0; 2 – Z = 2.5%; 3 – Z = 10%.10000А)100Б)сопротивление,Ом.м1000100полязизуемость50010-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10-50-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10температуратемпература0 2.5 100 2.50 10Figure 4. Temperature dependence (ρ) and polarizability (η) on frequency of 4.88 Hz on frequency of 4.88 Hz at various pollution Z (the firstcycle).visible, the initial stages of pollution (from 0 up to 2.5%)affect studied parameters more strongly, than its furtherincrease (from 2.5 up to 10%) (Fig. 2).Soil research from sand to clay has shown that theinfluence of pollution increases in the process of increase indispersiveness (Fig. 3).The increase in pollution can sometimes result not onlyin reduction of resistance, but also to its increase (Fig. 4А).In clay, it is connected with various modular conditions atvarious degrees of pollution. In the first cycle of freezing, dataabout abnormal high values (to 100%) of the polarizabilityfactor are obtained (Fig. 4B). After thawing and repeatedfreezing of these polluted soils, an essentially smaller degreeof polarizability (to 20%) has been noted. It testifies to theopportunities of using polarizability for studying the degreeof pollution.It is interesting to note the correlation between speed ofelastic waves and heat conductivity.ReferencesArens, V.Z. et al. 1999. Clearing of an Environment ofHydrocarbonic Pollution. Interbook, 371 pp.Biggar, W., Haider, S., Nahir, M. & Jarrett, P.M. 1998. Siteinvestigations of fuel spill migration into permafrost.Journal of Cold-Regions Engineering 12(2): 84-104.Chuvilin, E.M., Mikljaeva, E.S., Kozlova, E.V. & Instanes,A. 2001. The experimental studying of oil pollutionof frozen soils. Materials of the Second <strong>Conference</strong>Russia Geocryologist. I (I): Physics-Chemistryand Mechanics of Frozen Soils, the Moscow StateUniversity,163-169.Ershov, E.D., Chuvilin, E., Smirnova, O.G. & Naletova, N.S.1996. Experimental research of interaction of oil withcryogenic soils. Materials of the First <strong>Conference</strong>Russia Geocryologist. Book 2, the Moscow StateUniversity, 153-159.Geoecological Inspection of the Enterprises Oil Industry.1999. V.A. Shevnin & I.N. Modin (eds.), RUSSO,511 pp.Korolev, V.A. 2001. Clearing soils from pollution.Interperiodika. Nauka, 368 pp.Masur, I.I. 1995. Ekology of objects of the oil and gasindustry construction. NEDRA, 279 pp.Permafrost and Development Oil-Gas Areas. 2002. E.S.Melnikov & S.E. Grechishchev (eds.), GEOS, 402pp.Zykov, Yu.D., Motenko, R.G., Anisimova, I.V. & ZhuravlyovI.I. 2005. Influence of oil pollution on propertiesfrozen soils. Earth Cryosphere IX(3): 28-35.368
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NICOP 2008 Ninth <
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ContentsPreface ...................
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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Satellite Observations of Frozen Gr
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xiiIce Wedge Thermal Regime in Nort
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xivPermafrost Response to Dynamics
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xvi
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NICOP SponsorsUniversitiesUniversit
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Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupi
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Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in
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Cryological Status of Russian Soils
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Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plume
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Permafrost Delineation Near Fairban
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Preparatory Work for a Permanent Ge
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A Provisional Soil Map of the Trans
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Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbi
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Time Series Analyses of Active Micr
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Impact of Permafrost Degradation on
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DC Resistivity Soundings Across a P
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Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regim
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A Provisional Permafrost Map of the
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Alpine Permafrost Distribution at M
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Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasu
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Modeling Potential Climatic Change
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A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth
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Modeled Continual Surface Water Sto
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Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra So
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Discontinuous Permafrost Distributi
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Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Was
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Seasonal and Interannual Variabilit
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Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data f
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Continued Permafrost Warming in Nor
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Landsliding Following Forest Fire o
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A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dy
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Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiratio
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Greenland Permafrost Temperature Si
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The Importance of Snow Cover Evolut
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The Account of Long-Term Air Temper
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The Combined Isotopic Analysis of L
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Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s
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Human Experience of Cryospheric Cha
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HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mo
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A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through th
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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First Results of Ground Surface Tem
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Historical Changes in the Seasonall
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Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area,
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Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, N
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Climate Change in Permafrost Region
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Maximizing Construction Season in a
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Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-W
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Ninth International Conference on Permafrost ... - IARC Research

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