Ninth International Conference on Permafrost ... - IARC Research

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Block Fields, Block Slopes, and Rock Glaciers: A Polygenetic Block Accumulationon the Schafstein (Rhoen Mountains, Germany)Ch. OppPhilipps-University Marburg, GermanyIntroductionDifferent forms of block accumulation are widespread inCentral European Mid-Mountains. In most of the cases, theyare described as block slopes (German: Blockhalden) andblock fields (German: Blockmeer) and other German terms;in rare cases they are described as rock glaciers (Zurawek2002).The biggest known extension of block accumulation locatedin Germany is the basaltic hill of the Schafstein, in the centralpart of the Rhoen Mountains. This block accumulation wasdescribed in the 1960s by Mensching (1960), who calledit Blockmeer, and in the 1990s by Halfmann (1991), whocalled it Blockhalde.The first step of this study was to collect informationfrom literature about the features of different forms of blockaccumulation (cf. Table 1).ResultsWith the help of a self-developed mapping method,different features (cf. Table 1) of the Schafstein blockaccumulation were surveyed, for instance, block forms onthe surface, weathering features, etc. The structure and thethickness of the block accumulation were measured withthe help of refraction seismic techniques. For measuringair temperature below and between the blocks, dataloggerswere used. Rock and soil samples were taken to determinethe mineralogical composition with regard to weatheringdifferences and transport mechanisms.The small-scale survey of the block forms shows that thecentral part of the Schafstein block accumulation has edgedblocks at the upper part and shaped blocks at the bottom ofthe block accumulation. A special feature at the bottom of theblock accumulation is a characteristic wall and depressionstructure, with more than 30° inclination between the walls(cf. Fig. 1), caused by different tensions of different icecement-saturated parts of the block accumulation. Refractionseismic measurements have proved that the central part ofthe block accumulation has a thickness of about 30 and 40 m.During summer time, when air temperature was about 30°C,we measured -1°C air temperature in between the blockFigure 1. Wall and depression structure in the central part of theblock accumulation, the fossil rock glacier.Table 1. Features of different forms of block accumulation (block field, block slope, and rock glacier), compiled after Däuble (2004, changed)from different literature sources.Feature Block field Block slope Rock glacierGeneral feature: accumulation of blocks with only a few or no amount of fine particles, with only rare or no vegetation coverSize no details some 10 m up to some 100 m 60...1500 m long, 60...3000 m broadlong, >20 m broadThickness no general details; mostly >1 m no general details;10...100 msome metersSlope inclination 20° seldom more than 10°; border slopes35°Relief locationon plateaus and slopes; not below a bare rockon slopesnecessarily closely connected tothe source of blocksBlock size no general details, different at least head size, >2 m mostly 0.6...1 mBlock form edged or shaped edged no detailsBlock formationin situ chemical and physicalweathering with transportin situ chemical and physicalweathering with transportphysical weathering,primarily by frostBlock transport solifluction, sliding falling, sliding cohesion transport of the ice cementSurface structure no details no details longitudinal and transverse bulges,depressionsNecessary climate tropic or periglacial periglacial, arid, semi-arid periglacial235
Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co n f e r e n c e o n Pe r m a f r o s tFigure 2. Rock glacier features on the bottom of the north andnorthwest slope of the Schafstein block accumulation.accumulation (Opp 2005). Nearly all studied features provethat the central part of the Schafstein block accumulationrepresents a fossil rock glacier (cf. Fig. 2), while the westernpart represents a block field, and the eastern part is a blockslope.AcknowledgmentsThe author is especially grateful to Mrs. Däuble (Berlin)and Dr. M. Gude, who were included in the field research.ReferencesDäuble, F. 2004. Blockmeer–Blockgletscher–Blockhalde?Ergebnisse neuer Untersuchungen am Schafstein/Rhön. Unpubl. FB Geographie, Marburg, 162 pp.Halfmann, J. 1991. Die Struktur der Vegetation aufperiglazialen Basalt-Block-Halden des hessischenBerglandes. Dissertationes Botanicae 168: 212 pp.Mensching, H. 1960. Periglazial-Morphologie und qurtäreEntwicklungsgeschichte der Hohen Rhön und ihresöstlichen Vorlandes. Würzburger GeographischeArbeiten 7: 39 pp.Opp, Ch. 2005. Geographische Beiträge zur abiotischenAusstattung des Biosphärenreservats Rhön. BeiträgeRegion und Nachhaltigkeit 2: 71-83.Zurawek, R. 2002. Internal structure of a relict rock glacier,Sleza Massif, Southwest Poland. Permafrost &Periglacial Processes 13: 29-42.236
Page 1:
NICOP 2008 Ninth <
Page 6 and 7:
ContentsPreface ...................
Page 8 and 9:
Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
Page 10 and 11:
Satellite Observations of Frozen Gr
Page 13 and 14:
xiiIce Wedge Thermal Regime in Nort
Page 15 and 16:
xivPermafrost Response to Dynamics
Page 17 and 18:
xvi
Page 19 and 20:
NICOP SponsorsUniversitiesUniversit
Page 22 and 23:
Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupi
Page 24 and 25:
Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in
Page 26 and 27:
Cryological Status of Russian Soils
Page 28 and 29:
Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plume
Page 30 and 31:
Permafrost Delineation Near Fairban
Page 32 and 33:
Preparatory Work for a Permanent Ge
Page 34 and 35:
A Provisional Soil Map of the Trans
Page 36 and 37:
Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbi
Page 38 and 39:
Time Series Analyses of Active Micr
Page 40 and 41:
Impact of Permafrost Degradation on
Page 42 and 43:
DC Resistivity Soundings Across a P
Page 44 and 45:
Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regim
Page 46 and 47:
A Provisional Permafrost Map of the
Page 48 and 49:
Alpine Permafrost Distribution at M
Page 50 and 51:
Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasu
Page 52 and 53:
Modeling Potential Climatic Change
Page 54 and 55:
A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth
Page 56 and 57:
Modeled Continual Surface Water Sto
Page 58 and 59:
Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra So
Page 60 and 61:
Discontinuous Permafrost Distributi
Page 62 and 63:
Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Was
Page 64 and 65:
Seasonal and Interannual Variabilit
Page 66 and 67:
Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data f
Page 68 and 69:
Continued Permafrost Warming in Nor
Page 70 and 71:
Landsliding Following Forest Fire o
Page 72 and 73:
A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dy
Page 74 and 75:
Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiratio
Page 76 and 77:
Greenland Permafrost Temperature Si
Page 78 and 79:
The Importance of Snow Cover Evolut
Page 80 and 81:
The Account of Long-Term Air Temper
Page 82 and 83:
The Combined Isotopic Analysis of L
Page 84 and 85:
Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s
Page 86 and 87:
Human Experience of Cryospheric Cha
Page 88 and 89:
HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mo
Page 90 and 91:
A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through th
Page 92 and 93:
Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
Page 94 and 95:
First Results of Ground Surface Tem
Page 96 and 97:
Historical Changes in the Seasonall
Page 98 and 99:
Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area,
Page 100 and 101:
Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, N
Page 102 and 103:
Climate Change in Permafrost Region
Page 104 and 105:
Maximizing Construction Season in a
Page 106 and 107:
Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-W
Page 109 and 110:
Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Ni N t h iN t e r N at i o N a l Co
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204: Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co
Page 217 and 218: Ni N t h iN t e r N at i o N a l Co
Page 253: Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
370Huang, B. 339Hugelius, G. 105, 1
Page 393:
372
show all

Ninth International Conference on Permafrost ... - IARC Research

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?