Ninth International Conference on Permafrost ... - IARC Research

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Toward a Permafrost Map of Central AsiaSergei MarchenkoGeophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USAN. SharkhuuInstitute of Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaXin LiCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, ChinaMamoru IshikawaFaculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, JapanJerry Brown<strong>International</strong> Permafrost Association, Woods Hole, MA, USAVladimir RomanovskyGeophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USADmitri DrodzovInstitute of the Earth Cryosphere, Moscow, RussiaIntroductionAlthough national permafrost maps exist for China,Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia, there is no consistentcartographic or temperature criteria on which to base aunified permafrost map for the more topographically complexregions that prevail in Central Asia. The <strong>International</strong>Permafrost Association’s (IPA) “Circum-Arctic Map ofPermafrost and Ground-Ice Conditions” (1:10,000,000)employed an international legend developed primarily forcontinental (lowland) permafrost regions (Brown et al.1997). That classification was applied to mountainous andhigh altitude regions with considerable uncertainties.The retreat of glaciers and permafrost degradationin Central Asia in recent years is unprecedented asa consequence of warming. Accelerated warming ofpermafrost in mountainous, highland, and plateau regionsof Asia could result in the disequilibria of the water cycle,increased mass wasting processes, and related sedimenttransport and slope hazards. Without a unified and verifiedregional permafrost map, these processes cannot be assessedadequately. Mapping, modeling, and monitoring strategiesin mountain regions are under development to test and toverify climate-change scenarios and models.In response to the difficulties involved in classifying andmapping of the region’s permafrost, recommendations wereapproved at the IPA-sponsored <strong>International</strong> Symposium onMountain and Arid Land Permafrost, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia,September 2001 (Brown 2001). These included a request thatan international team of experts prepare a unified permafrostmap of Central Asia.The workshop on the distribution and mapping of thepermafrost distribution of Central and Eastern Asia was heldprior to the Asian <strong>Conference</strong> on Permafrost, in Lanzhou,China, August 5–6, 2006, and was hosted by the Cold andArid Regions Environmental and Engineering ResearchInstitute (CAREERI). The workshop participants agreedthat conventional mapping and modeling approaches ofpermafrost in this region recognize both latitudinal andaltitudinal permafrost zonation, furthermore, and that thecategory of mountain permafrost be recognized as a subsetof altitudinal zonation or, if appropriate, remain as a separateclass. The proposed map should delineate each of thesepermafrost zones and contain actual and calculated groundtemperatures and active layer thickness as point observations.Where available, estimates of ground ice would be included.However, for this next-generation map, classes of ground iceand spatial continuity (percentages) will not be part of theclassification.Mapping of Permafrost in Central AsiaPermafrost classificationsA major difficulty is in reconciling the usage of “continuouspermafrost zonation,” as it is commonly applied tocontinental permafrost (greater than 90% of the land surface;see Heginbottom 2002 for a comparison of classificationschemes). A comparison of the spatial classifications in usein the four countries is presented in Table 1.Modeling approachAn alternative approach of altitudinal permafrost mappingis modeling the ground temperature and permafrostdistribution using the process-based models. Such anapproach allows for spatial and temporal extrapolation ofpermafrost thermal state and distribution and also is wellsuited for studies with respect to permafrost response toclimate change. But the process-based model requires anextensive set of input data such as meteorological data,surface characteristics (vegetation, snow cover), groundthermal properties, and topography. For the modeling ofaltitudinal permafrost within the rugged topography of theAltai Mountains, the basic dataset at 100 m resolution for thedigital elevation model (DEM) was generated. The spatialpermafrost model with a grid box size of 5 km uses griddedfields of monthly air temperature (topographically adjusted203
Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co n f e r e n c e o n Pe r m a f r o s tTable 1. Classifications of permafrost continuity for China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia.Country (authors), landform, and regionChina1.1 Middle height mountain regions in Northeast China (Xu & Guo1982)1.2. Quinghai-Xizang High Plateau (Cheng 1983)Principle ofpermafrost zonationLatitudinal zonesIndex or degree ofpermafrost thermalstability1.3. Alpine mountains in West and East China (Zhang et al. 1985) Altitudinal beltsKazakhstanHigh Alpine Tien Shan and Pamirs Mountains (Gorbunov et al. 1996) Altitudinal subbeltsMongoliaMiddle height (Altai, Hovsgol, Khangai, & Khentei) mountain andadjacent arid land regions (Gravis et al. 1990, Sharkhuu 2006)Southern RussiaMountainous regions with depressions and separate plateaus andplains (Ershov 1991)Latitudinal zonesLatitudinal zonesTerminology forpermafrost distributionAcknowledgmentsPermafrost extentIslands 80%Southern discontinuous > -0.5. °C – -2°CNorthern discontinuous < -0.5°C – -2°CWe thank Alan Heginbottom, Emeritus, GeologicalSurvey of Canada, who provided advice and information onexisting classification schemes. We thank all the participantsof the two workshops for their interest, discussions, andcooperation.Figure 1. (A) The entire Altai-Sayan region (shaded area) and (B)modeled permafrost distribution within the northwest part of theregion.using the altitudinal air temperature gradients for the variousparts of the Altai), incoming amount of solar radiation,vegetation, snow, and soil thermal properties. Figure 1illustrates the results of the spatially-distributed permafrostmodel within the northwest part of the Altai Mountains.ReferencesBrown, J. 2001. <strong>International</strong> Symposium on Mountainand Arid Land Permafrost and Field Excursion inMongolia. Frozen Ground News Bulletin 25: 7-11.Brown, J., Ferrians, O.J. Jr., Heginbottom, J.A. & Melnikov,E.S. 1997. Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost andGround-Ice Conditions. U.S. Geological SurveyCircum-Pacific Map CP-45, 1:10,000,000, Reston,Virginia.Cheng, G. 1983. Vertical and horizontal zonation of highaltitudepermafrost. Proceedings of the Fourth<strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Permafrost, Fairbanks,Alaska, 1983: 136-131.Gravis, G.F., Sharkhuu, N. & Zabolotnik, S.I. 1990.Geocryology and geocryological zonation. NationalAtlas of Mongolia. GUGK of Mongolian Republicand USSR. Ulaanbaatar: Moscow Plates, 40-41,(scale 1:4,500,000).Heginbottom, J.A. 2002. Permafrost mapping: A review.Progress Physical Geography 26: 623-642.Yershov, E.D. 1991. Geocryological Map of Russia andNeighbouring Republics. 16 sheets, 1:2,500,000.Moscow: Moscow State University.204
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ContentsPreface ...................
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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Satellite Observations of Frozen Gr
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xiiIce Wedge Thermal Regime in Nort
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xivPermafrost Response to Dynamics
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NICOP SponsorsUniversitiesUniversit
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Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupi
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Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in
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Cryological Status of Russian Soils
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Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plume
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Permafrost Delineation Near Fairban
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Preparatory Work for a Permanent Ge
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A Provisional Soil Map of the Trans
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Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbi
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Time Series Analyses of Active Micr
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Impact of Permafrost Degradation on
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DC Resistivity Soundings Across a P
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Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regim
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A Provisional Permafrost Map of the
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Alpine Permafrost Distribution at M
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Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasu
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Modeling Potential Climatic Change
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A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth
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Modeled Continual Surface Water Sto
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Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra So
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Discontinuous Permafrost Distributi
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Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Was
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Seasonal and Interannual Variabilit
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Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data f
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Continued Permafrost Warming in Nor
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Landsliding Following Forest Fire o
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A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dy
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Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiratio
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Greenland Permafrost Temperature Si
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The Importance of Snow Cover Evolut
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The Account of Long-Term Air Temper
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The Combined Isotopic Analysis of L
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Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s
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Human Experience of Cryospheric Cha
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HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mo
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A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through th
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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First Results of Ground Surface Tem
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Historical Changes in the Seasonall
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Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area,
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Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, N
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Climate Change in Permafrost Region
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Maximizing Construction Season in a
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Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-W
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370Huang, B. 339Hugelius, G. 105, 1
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