Ninth International Conference on Permafrost ... - IARC Research

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Digitizing Regional Permafrost Maps for Central and Eastern AsianPermafrost MappingLizong WuCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaXin LiCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaJerry Brown<strong>International</strong> Permafrost Association, P.O. Box 7, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USAIntroductionPermafrost and seasonally frozen ground regions occupyapproximately 24% and 60%, respectively, of the exposedland surface in the Northern Hemisphere. The actual areaunderlain by permafrost is approximately 12% to 18% ofthe exposed land area. Accelerated warming of permafrostin mountainous, highland, and plateau regions of Asia willresult in disequilibria of the water cycle, increased masswasting processes, and related sediment transport and slopehazards. Without a unified and verified regional permafrostmap, these processes cannot be assessed adequately.Although national permafrost maps exist for China, Kazakhstan,Mongolia, and Russia, there is no consistent cartographicfor mountainous and high altitude regions. The existingclassifications based on spatial continuity or percentagedistribution and ground ice content have limited applicationfor mountainous or plateau regions. The 2001 <strong>International</strong>Symposium on Mountain and Arid Land Permafrost held inMongolia recommends that an international team of expertsis required to prepare a uniform map of Central Asia permafrost.A team for central and eastern Asian permafrost mappingwas established during the workshop on Permafrost ofCentral and Eastern Asia held in China (2006). The membersagreed to digitize and archive the recent permafrost map,and auxiliary information exists for China, Kazakhstan,Mongolia, and Russia to complete a pilot map with a unifiedlegend. Classification-based temperature and/or thermalstability was recommended to employ in this work (Brownet al. 2006). The WDC for Glaciology and Geocryology atLanzhou was expected to organize the digitizing of the permafrostmaps for the four countries.Regional Permafrost Maps ResourceChinaPermafrost mapping study in China began in the 1960s.After that, regional permafrost distribution maps for Daand Xiao Xing’anling Mountain (1:2,000,000), TianshanMountain (10,000,000), and Qilian Mountain (1:10,000,000)were completed in 1980, 1981, and 1983, respectively(Cheng 1999). Permafrost mapping for the plateau regionsbegan in the 1980s; the permafrost map along the Qinghai-Tibetan Highway (1:600,000) was published in 1981, and thepermafrost map of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (1:3,000,000)was finished in 1996 (Tong et al. 1983, Li et al. 1996).Up to now, there are three permafrost maps that exist forall of China’s land territory. The first one, entitled “Map ofSnow, Ice and Frozen Ground in China” compiled by YafengShi, was published in 1988 (Shi et al. 1988). The “Map ofGeocryological Regionalization and Classification in China,”at a scale of 1:10,000,000, was published in 2000 (Qiu etal. 2000). The map was digitized by T. Zhang and collectedby NSIDC at Boulder. The latest version contained in the“Map of the Glaciers, Frozen Ground and Deserts in China”was published in 2006 at a scale of 1:4,000,000 (Wang etal. 2006). The classification used in these maps is based onspatial continuity or percentage distribution and elevation.Thermal stability was used to classify permafrost on Tibetby Nan, performed upon the analysis of mean annual groundtemperature distribution features from 76 observed data(Nan et al. 2002).In the last two years, most of these maps have beendigitized, and an attempt to merge different sources wascarried out at the WDC for Glaciology and Geocryology,Lanzhou to obtain a more detailed permafrost map.RussianBeginning in 1995, geocryological maps published in theUSSR (former Soviet Union) and Russia were identifiedand catalogued to form an inventory. This bibliography wascompiled in 1998 by Irena Streletskaya and Marina Leibman,Earth Cryosphere Institute Russian Academy of Sciences,Siberian Branch. The detail information can be browsedfrom the Frozen Ground Data Center of NSIDC (NSIDC).The “Geocryological Map of Russia and NeighbouringRepublics” by Yershov at a scale of 1:2,500,000, with fourattached maps at a scale of 1:25,000,000, were publishedbetween 1991 and 1996. An English-language description ofthe map and its compilation procedure are given by Zaitsev etal. (1998).The map divides permafrost zones by both percentof coverage and ground temperatures at the depth of zeroamplitude. So the present legends can be used as referenceclassification in compiling the other permafrost maps.The map project used is identified only as “conicequidistant projection,” and lacks specific information onthe projection. After the digitizing of the map, a geometrycorrection has been conducted.KazakhstanAn unpublished map of Kazakhstan was available andpresents the distribution of mountain permafrost and legend.Dr. Sergei S. Marchenko from the Geophysical Institute,349
Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co n f e r e n c e o n Pe r m a f r o s tUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks, offers the original data of themap. The map divides permafrost zones by both altitudinalbelts and ground temperatures (Brown et al. 2006).A second mapping effort by Marchenko will prepare amodeled map of the four-country Altai Mountain region,showing the computed extent of permafrost and estimatedMAGT at 20 m depth.MongoliaThe “Map of Geocryology and Geocryological Zonationof Mongolia” was derived from the National Atlas ofMongolia and collected by the Frozen Ground Data Centerof NSIDC. The Mongolia maps have 14 different terrainclassifications determined according to elevation, meanannual air temperature, permafrost thickness and thaw depth,and seasonal frozen ground freeze depth (NSIDC).Tong, B., Li, S., Bu, J. et al. 1983. Principle and methodof compilation of permafrost map (1:600,000) alongQinghai-Xizang (Tibet ) Highway. Proceedings ofthe Second <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Permafrost(Selection). Lanzhou: Gansu People’s PublishingHouse, 75-80.Wang T. (ed.) 2006. Map of the Glaciers, Frozen Groundand Deserts in China (1:4,000,000). Beijing: SinoMaps Press.Next StepAll of the maps mentioned above have been digitizedat the WDC for Glaciology and Geocryology in Lanzhou.The next step is to develop a merged regional permafrostmap of central and eastern Asia. A thermal stability-basedclassification system (Cheng 1984) is proposed to be used.AcknowledgmentsThis work is supported by the Ministry of Science andTechnology of China project “Data-sharing Network ofEarth system” and the NSFC (National Science Foundationof China) project “Environmental and Ecological ScienceData Center for West China.”ReferencesBrown J., Marchenko, S., Li, X. et al. 2006. Report for theWorkshop on Classification, Mapping and Monitoringof Permafrost of Central and Eastern Asia. Lanzhou,China.Cheng, G.-D. 1984. Problems of zonation of high-altitudepermafrost. ACTA Geographica Sinica 39(2): 185-193.Cheng, G. 1999. Glaciology and geocryology of China duringthe past 40 years: Progress and prospects. Journal ofGlaciology and Geocryology 21(4): 289-310.Li, S. & Cheng, G. 1996. Map of Frozen Ground on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Lanzhou: Gansu Culture Press.Nan, Z., Li, S. & Liu, Y. 2002. Mean annual groundtemperature distribution on the Tibetan Plateau:Permafrost distribution mapping and furtherapplication. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology.24(2): 142-149.NSIDC. http://nsidc.org/fgdc/Qiu, G., Zhou Y., Guo, D. et al. 2000. The Maps ofGeocryological Regionalization and Classification inChina (1:10,000,000). Beijing: Science Press.Shi, Y. 1988. Map of Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground in China.Beijing: China Cartographic Publishing House.350
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ContentsPreface ...................
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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Satellite Observations of Frozen Gr
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xiiIce Wedge Thermal Regime in Nort
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xivPermafrost Response to Dynamics
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NICOP SponsorsUniversitiesUniversit
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Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupi
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Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in
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Cryological Status of Russian Soils
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Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plume
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Permafrost Delineation Near Fairban
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Preparatory Work for a Permanent Ge
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A Provisional Soil Map of the Trans
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Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbi
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Time Series Analyses of Active Micr
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Impact of Permafrost Degradation on
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DC Resistivity Soundings Across a P
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Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regim
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A Provisional Permafrost Map of the
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Alpine Permafrost Distribution at M
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Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasu
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Modeling Potential Climatic Change
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A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth
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Modeled Continual Surface Water Sto
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Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra So
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Discontinuous Permafrost Distributi
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Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Was
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Seasonal and Interannual Variabilit
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Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data f
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Continued Permafrost Warming in Nor
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Landsliding Following Forest Fire o
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A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dy
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Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiratio
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Greenland Permafrost Temperature Si
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The Importance of Snow Cover Evolut
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The Account of Long-Term Air Temper
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The Combined Isotopic Analysis of L
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Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s
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Human Experience of Cryospheric Cha
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HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mo
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A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through th
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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First Results of Ground Surface Tem
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Historical Changes in the Seasonall
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Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area,
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Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, N
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Climate Change in Permafrost Region
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Maximizing Construction Season in a
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Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-W
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