Ninth International Conference on Permafrost ... - IARC Research

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Interactions Between Human Disturbance, Demographics of Betula Fruticosa Pall.,and Permafrost in the Vitimskoye Upland, East SiberiaI.R. SekulichInstitute of General and Experimental Biology SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, RussiaThe demographic structure of plant coenopopulationsis one of the basic estimation criteria of the modern stateof species in coenosis, level of vital condition, degrees oftheir stability, and prospects of development (Harper 1992,Rabotnov 1978, 1985, Uranov 1960, 1975).Our research was performed on the central part of theVitimskoye upland, which is located in eastern Siberia (Fig.1). It is large isolated area which is situated at the southernlimit of continuous permafrost. The permafrost is the majorecological factor which determines character and distributionof vegetation here. Communities formed by low birches orbirch-shrublands are the most widespread here.The capacity of permafrost in the research area is from50–250 m with temperature from 0 to -3°C; depth beddingof permafrost in birch-shrublands in August-September isabout 1.0–1.6 m (Vtorushin & Pigareva 1996).The object of our research is Betula fruticosa Pall. subsp.montana M. Schemberg, the basic dominant of birchshrublands.We studied changes of the demographic structure of thecoenopopulations of Betula fruticosa on sites with partialdestruction of vegetative cover as a result of the influenceof track transport and pasturing. Research carried out wasspent on the model area in 100 square meters on whichcontinuously calculated individuals on age groups.Rabotnov (1978) had divided the whole life cycle ofplants into the following age stages and age groups, whichare submitted in Table 1. The letter code of each age grouphas been offered by Uranov (1960).The age level of the coenopopulations is estimated bythe index of age (Δ) proposed by Uranov (1975) and by theindex of effectiveness of the populations (ω) proposed byZhivotovsky (2001). Values of Δ and ω were calculated bythe following formulas:Δ =ω = ∑∑∑iinmni(1)∑ ne iin i(2)Figure 1. Map of location of researches area: a – research area.Table 1. Age stages and age groups of the plants.The age stages The age groups The letter codelatent seed smpre-generative germ pljuvenilejimmatureimvirginilevgenerative young generative g 1mature generative g 2old generative g 3post-generative subsenile sssenileswhere n iis the number of individuals of each age group; m iis the coefficient of the age group, calculated by Uranov(1975); and e iis the efficiency of plants of each age group,calculated by Zhivotovsky (2001).Indexes Δ and ω varies from 0 to 1, and the highest valuecharacterized the elder coenopopulation.In estimating the degree of anthropogenic influence onthe demographic spectrum of disturbed coenopopulations,it is necessary to compare them with a base spectrum,which is the modal characteristic of dynamic balance ofcoenopopulation (Smirnova 1987). The base spectrumcoenopopulation B. fruticosa on the Vitimskoye upland isfull-constituent, has one peak, with absolute maximum onold generative individuals.It was marked two variants of modification of thedemographic structure.One of them shows an increase in the quantity ofpregenerative individuals at the remaining high numberof generative individuals. An age spectrum of suchcoenopopulations has two peaks. As an example, theage spectrum coenopopulation in the community ofMultiherboso–Betuletum fruticosae is shown (Fig. 2). Thecommunity is situated near to a settlement along a highwayand often is exposed to the influence of track-type vehicles.At the unitary passage of the cross-country vehicle,according to mechanical influence, the integrity of thevegetative cover is broken. As a result of these disturbances,277
Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co n f e r e n c e o n Pe r m a f r o s tage groups parities, %.706050403020100im v g1 g2 g3 ss sage groups1 2 3Figure 2. The age spectrums coenopopulations of Betula fruticosa.1 – base spectrum; 2 – community of Multiherboso–Betuletumfruticosae; 3 – community of Kobresio–Betuletum fruticosae.Characteristics of age groups were explained above.Table 2. The quantity, index of age (Δ) and index of effectiveness(ω) of anthropogenically disturbed coenopopulations of Betulafruticosa.CommunityMultiherboso-BetuletumfruticosaeKobresio-BetuletumfruticosaeThe general quantity,pcs./100 m 2 482.3 ± 17.2 23.3 ± 3.2The quantity of agegroups, pcs./100 m 2 :jimvg 1g 2g 3ssS89.4 ± 9.6149.4±11.725.9±4.132.9±4.334.1±4.3105.9±6.440.0 ±3.94.7 ±0.6gaps formed, which are the microecotope for renewal Bfruticosa. There is a rejuvenation of the coenopopulation atthe expense of the high number of young individuals (Table2).The short-term influence of transport does not effect adultindividuals of B. fruticosa essentially. At multiple or constantimpacts of track-type transports, the adult individuals finallyperish, which leads to replacement of birch-shrublands ongrassy communities of meadow. This leads to a changeof hydrothermal condition of the soil, and the depth ofseasonal thawing of permafrost and bogging, thermokarstcan develop.Another variant of anthropogenic changes of thedemographic structure occurs with pasturing. As a result oftrampling and pasturing, the young individuals of B. fruticosadisappear from the structure of the community together with---4.6 ±0.64.3 ± 0.513.7±2.40.7 ±0.1Δ 0.32 0.65ω 0.43 0.81-grassy plants. The coenopopulation is presented by old-ageplants. The community of Kobresio–Betuletum fruticosae,located on an abrupt slope, can be an example of such kindof coenopopulation. The age spectrum here has one peak,but it is not full-constituent and presented by old individuals(Fig. 2). The number of individuals of B. fruticosa in thiscoenopopulation is low (Table 2).The low indexes Δ and ω of coenopopulation of B.fruticosa occurring in the community of Multiherboso–Betuletum fruticosae shows its invasive character andis considered as young according to “delta-omega”classification (Zhivotovsky 2001). The high indexes Δ and ωin the community of Kobresio–Betuletum fruticosae showsits regressive character and is considered as becoming old.Thus, human-induced disturbances on the of demographicstructure of coenopopulation B. fruticosa in birchshrublandson the Vitimskoye upland promote developmentof various geocryological processes. When the disturbancesof demographic structure are slight, fast restoration ofcoenopopulation and ecological conditions occurred.ReferencesHarper, J.L. 1992. Population of Plants. Oxford: The AldenPress, 892 pp.Rabotnov, T.A. 1978. On coenopopulations of plantsreproducing by seeds. In: Structure and Functioningof Plant Populations. Amsterdam, 1-26.Rabotnov, T.A. 1985. Dynamics of plant coenotic populations.In: J. White (ed.), The Population Structure ofVegetation. Dordrecht, Boston, & Lancaster: Dr. W.Junk Publ., 121-142.Smirnova, O.V. 1987. Struktura travjanogo pokrovashirokolistnyh lesov (The Grass Layers Structure ofBroad-leaved Forests). Moscow: Nauka, 207 pp. (inRussian).Uranov, A.A. 1960. Zhyznennoe sostoyanye vyda vrastytel’nom soobshestve (The life state of species in aplant community). Bulleten’ Moskovskogo obshestvaispytatelei pryrody, otdel biologicheskyi (Bulletin ofMoscow Society of Naturalists, Biological Series)67(3): 77-92 (in Russian).Uranov, A.A. 1975. Vozrastnoi spektr fytocenopopuljacyikak funkcija vremeny I energetycheskih volnovyhprocessov (The age spectrum of phytocoenopopulationas a function of time and power wave of processes).Biologycheskye nauki (Biological Sciences) 2: 7-34(in Russian).Vtorushin, V.A. & Pigareva, N.N. 1996. Kryomorfnyepochvy: perspektivy ich effektivnogo ispol’zovaniya(Criomorphic Soils: Prospects of their EffectiveUtilization). Ulan-Ude: BSC SB RAS, 295 pp. (inRussian).Zhivotovsky, L.A. 2001. Ontogeneticheskie sostojanija,effectivnaja plotnost’ i klassifikacija populjacyirastenyi (Ontogenetic states, effective density,and classification of plant populations). Ecologija(Russian Journal of Ecology) 1: 3-7 (in Russian).278
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ContentsPreface ...................
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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Satellite Observations of Frozen Gr
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xiiIce Wedge Thermal Regime in Nort
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xivPermafrost Response to Dynamics
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NICOP SponsorsUniversitiesUniversit
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Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupi
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Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in
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Cryological Status of Russian Soils
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Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plume
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Permafrost Delineation Near Fairban
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Preparatory Work for a Permanent Ge
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A Provisional Soil Map of the Trans
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Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbi
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Time Series Analyses of Active Micr
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Impact of Permafrost Degradation on
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DC Resistivity Soundings Across a P
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Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regim
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A Provisional Permafrost Map of the
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Alpine Permafrost Distribution at M
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Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasu
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Modeling Potential Climatic Change
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A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth
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Modeled Continual Surface Water Sto
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Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra So
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Discontinuous Permafrost Distributi
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Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Was
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Seasonal and Interannual Variabilit
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Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data f
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Continued Permafrost Warming in Nor
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Landsliding Following Forest Fire o
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A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dy
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Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiratio
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Greenland Permafrost Temperature Si
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The Importance of Snow Cover Evolut
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The Account of Long-Term Air Temper
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The Combined Isotopic Analysis of L
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Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s
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Human Experience of Cryospheric Cha
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HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mo
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A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through th
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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First Results of Ground Surface Tem
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Historical Changes in the Seasonall
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Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area,
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Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, N
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Climate Change in Permafrost Region
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Maximizing Construction Season in a
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Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-W
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