Ninth International Conference on Permafrost ... - IARC Research

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Soil Thermal and UV Radiation Monitoring on a Maritime Antarctic PermafrostArea by Means of REMS (Rover Environmental Monitoring Station-Mars ScienceLaboratory) SensorsIntroductionM. RamosDepartment of Physics, University of Alcalá, SpainJ. Gómez, E. Sebastian, J. Martín, C. ArmiensAstrobiological Center (INTA-CSIC), SpainJ.J. BlancoDepartment of Physics, University of Alcalá, SpainM.A. de PabloDepartment of Geology, University of Alcalá, SpainD. ToméDepartment of Physics, University of Alcalá, SpainThe present climatic characteristics of Mars induce theextensive presence of permafrost areas in this lonely planet(Carr 2006). Therefore, environmental parameters thatare included in Martian rover missions are the focus formonitoring thermal characteristics and soil surface evolutionin order to understand the active layer thickness and theenergy balance between the soil and the atmosphere.On the other hand, the intensity of the incoming UVradiation on the soil level is a key parameter of Marshabitability. Nevertheless, Mars conditions are quitedifferent to those observed on the Earth’s surface. On Earth,a deep ozone absorption band centered at 2550Ǻ preventsmost of the UV radiation from reaching the surface, whereason Mars, at least in low latitudes and in summer at highlatitudes, the full solar flux at wavelengths greater than1900Ǻ falls unattenuated onto the surface.The REMS (Rover Environmental Monitoring Station)is an environmental station designed by the Centro deAstrobiología (Spain) with the collaboration of nationaland international partners (CRISA/EADS, UPC and FMI),which is part of the payload of the MSL (Mars ScienceLaboratory) NASA mission to Mars (http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/overview/).This mission is expected to be launched in the final monthsof 2009, and mainly consists of a rover with a complete set ofscientific instruments; the rover will carry the biggest, mostadvanced suite of instruments for scientific studies ever sentto the Martian surface.Five sensors compose the REMS instrument: ground (GT-REMS) and air temperatures, wind speed and direction,pressure, humidity and ultraviolet radiation (UV-REMS).It also includes all the electronics and software required bysensor read out, signal conditioning and data transmissionto the rover. Wind vector, air temperature, and humidityand ground temperature sensors are located in small boomswhich are attached to the rover mast, while the ultravioletsensor is on the rover deck and pressure inside the rover bodyand connected with external ambient by a small opening (seeFig. 1).Figure 1. Mars Science Laboratory rover (MSL).MSL is the third rover generation sent to Mars and is thefirst time that a rover is equipped with an environmentalstation to characterize the local micrometeorology and itseffect on soil surface, as well the first time that ultravioletradiation at surface level will be recorded.Antarctic field testIn the 2007–08 Spanish Antarctic program, our scientificteam has included a field test related to the REMS sensor andits behavior on permafrost areas in the surroundings of theSpanish Antarctic Stations (SAS) that are built on Livingstonand Deception Islands (Maritime Antarctica).Livingston and Deception Islands are located in the sub-Antarctic South Shetland Archipelago at (62°39′S; 60°21′Wand 62°43′S, 60°57′W). The climate at sea level is coldoceanic, with frequent summer rainfall in low areas and amoderate annual temperature range. The climate reflectsthe strong influence of the circum-Antarctic low-pressuresystem (King et al. 2003).Data from different stations on King George Island (SouthShetland Archipelago) show the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) to be approximately -1.6°C near sea level and theannual precipitation to be about 500 mm.Permafrost in the South Shetland Islands is widespread251
Ni n t h In t e r n at i o n a l Co n f e r e n c e o n Pe r m a f r o s tabove the Holocene raised beaches (ca. 30 m a.s.l.) (Serrano& López-Martinez. 2000). Meteorological and geophysicaldata indicate, however, that environmental conditions inthe islands are marginal for the maintenance of permafrost(Hauck et al. 2007).Instruments and MethodsA simplified model of the REMS GT and UV sensors arepart of the experiment deployed on Antarctica. The modeltries to reproduce the conditions measurement of REMS onMars.This experiment is composed of some standardmeteorological sensors and the photodiodes and thermopilescorresponding to the REMS model (Table 1). All the sensorsare mounted on a 1.8 m mast and include a Pt100 airtemperature with solar protection shield at the top of the mastand a Kipp and Zonnen CNR1 net radiometer for measuringinfrared (CG3) and solar short wave (CM3) radiation at 1.5m high. REMS GT and UV sensors and its amplification boxare at 0.7 m high, and finally two Pt100 sensors are in closecontact with the soil surface in the angle of view of the GT-REMS thermopiles.In the case of the GT-REMS sensor, the model uses thefirst two bands of REMS thermopiles (8–14 µm and 16–20µm), and their physical disposition is essentially similarto the flight model. The thermopiles have been previouslycalibrated using a similar setup to the one described in theREMS calibration plan. Finally, the internal thermopiletemperature sensors RTD are also sampled in order to recoverthe IR energy coming out from the ground surface.For the UV-REMS sensor the Antarctic experience usedonly the bands A, B, and C, and contrary to those used inREMS rover (Vazquez et al. 2007). The sensor outputsignals are sampled by the datalogger model Squirrel 1250of the company Grant with a general sample period of 5 min,which is the result of averaging samples every minute.Experiment ObjectivesFinally the main objectives of this experience are thefollowing:1. To compare the soil thermal evolution, measured directlywith a good soil thermal contact Pt100 thermoresistences,with the temperature register by means of the GT-REMSthermopiles installed in a mast.Table 1. Expected signals and system resolution.Channel Range Expected signal ResolutionUV-A 335-395nm 50µW/cm 2 30nW/cm 2UV-B 280-325 nm 10µW/cm 2 24nW/cm 2UV-C 220-275 nm 100nW/cm 2 1,2 nW/cm 2GT-A 8-14µm ±20ºC 0.012ºCGT-B 16-20µm ±20ºC 0.061ºCCG3 5–50 µm +250 W/m 2 5 W/m 2CM3 305–2800 nm 1000 W/m 2 5 W/m 2Pt100 ±20ºC 0.015 ºC2. To analyze the active layer thermal behavior and itseffect on the soil surface temperature on a well-known sitewhere we are measuring thermal and mechanical evolutionof the active layer by means of CALM (Circumpolar ActiveLayer Monitoring) protocol (Ramos & Vieira 2003, Ramoset al. 2007).3. To develop a method that allows us to obtain, with onlysoil surface and atmosphere temperature data, informationabout the thermal active layer regime on the surface ofMars.4. To check the UV-REMS response under Antarcticconditions by registering the UV radiation incoming on soilsurface by means of three sensors in the range of A, B, andC spectral bands.ReferencesCarr, M. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 307 pp.Hauck, C. Vieira, G. Gruber, S. Blanco, J. & Ramos, M.2007. Geophysical identification of permafrost inLivingston Island, maritime Antarctica. J. Geophys.Res. 112: F02S19, doi:10.1029/2006JF000544.King, J.C. Turner, J. Marchall, G.J., Connolley, W.M.& Lachlan-Cope, T.A. 2003. Antarctic Peninsulavariability and its causes as revealed by analysis ofinstrumental records, in Antarctic Peninsula climatevariability. In: E. Domack et al. (eds.), AntarcticResearch Series AGU 79: 17-30.Ramos, M. & Vieira, G. 2003. Active layer and permafrostmonitoring in Livingston Island, Antarctic. Firstresults from 2000 to 2001. In: M. Phillips, S.M.Springman & L. Arenson (eds.), Proceedings of theEighth <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Permafrost,Balkema Publishers, Lisse, Zurich: 929-933.Ramos, M., Vieira, G., Gruber, S., Blanco, J.J., Hauck, C.,Hidalgo, M.A., Tomé, D., Neves, M. & Trindade,A. 2007. Permafrost and active layer monitoring inthe Maritime Antarctic: Preliminary results fromCALM sites on Livingston and Deception Islands.U.S. Geological Survey and The National Academies,USGS OF-2007-1047, Short Research Paper 070,doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp070.Serrano, E. & López-Martínez, J. 2000. Rock glaciers inthe South Shetland Islands, Western Antarctica,Geomorphology 35: 145-162.Vázquez, L. Zorzano, M.P. & Jiménez, S. 2007. SpectralInformation Retrieval from Integrated BroadbandPhotodiode Martian Ultraviolet Measurements,Optics Letters 32(17): 2596-2598.252
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ContentsPreface ...................
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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Satellite Observations of Frozen Gr
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xiiIce Wedge Thermal Regime in Nort
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xivPermafrost Response to Dynamics
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NICOP SponsorsUniversitiesUniversit
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Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupi
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Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in
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Cryological Status of Russian Soils
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Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plume
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Permafrost Delineation Near Fairban
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Preparatory Work for a Permanent Ge
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A Provisional Soil Map of the Trans
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Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbi
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Time Series Analyses of Active Micr
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Impact of Permafrost Degradation on
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DC Resistivity Soundings Across a P
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Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regim
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A Provisional Permafrost Map of the
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Alpine Permafrost Distribution at M
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Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasu
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Modeling Potential Climatic Change
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A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth
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Modeled Continual Surface Water Sto
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Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra So
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Discontinuous Permafrost Distributi
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Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Was
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Seasonal and Interannual Variabilit
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Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data f
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Continued Permafrost Warming in Nor
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Landsliding Following Forest Fire o
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A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dy
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Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiratio
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Greenland Permafrost Temperature Si
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The Importance of Snow Cover Evolut
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The Account of Long-Term Air Temper
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The Combined Isotopic Analysis of L
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Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s
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Human Experience of Cryospheric Cha
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HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mo
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A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through th
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Mapping and Modeling the Distributi
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First Results of Ground Surface Tem
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Historical Changes in the Seasonall
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Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area,
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Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, N
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Climate Change in Permafrost Region
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Maximizing Construction Season in a
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Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-W
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