Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe - Iom

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Trafficking in Human Beingsin Southeastern EuropeRepublic ofMoldovaand support – a place to stay, psychological and social support, such as housing,a job, professional training or schooling.A basic service that was offered by Save the Children included assistance fromthe airport to the shelter, voluntary STI and HIV/AIDS tests and financialassistance to some returned trafficked persons in the amount of US$ 150 perperson. Longer term help was offered by Save the Children to 25 percent ofthe returned trafficked persons, but there were no reintegration programmesand the support was very limited – a temporary place in a shelter, help withlooking for a job and arranging medical treatment.According to NGOs, it is estimated that up to 50 percent of trafficked womenwho are returned, leave Moldova shortly after their arrival and are re-trafficked.Without any prospect of a job or means to support themselves andtheir families at home, some women believe that the next time will be betterand that they will be able to work abroad on their own and keep the money,while others simply do not see any other choice.In the second half of 2001, IOM in co-operation with a network of local NGOsthroughout Moldova, started a reintegration programme that would provideshelter, social and psychological counselling, medical services and vocationtraining opportunities for returning trafficked persons. The programme wassupposed to be implemented by La Strada, which opened its chapter in Moldovain May 2001, but in the event La Strada had no capacity to manage it.Since the programme only started in September 2001, it is too early to evaluateits effectiveness, although to date, this is one of the few examples ofreintegration programmes in the region.1.4. HIV/AIDS and STIsLike other countries in Eastern Europe, Moldova has witnessed a significantincrease in sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS in the last few years.The predominant means of HIV/AIDS transmission in Moldova is intravenousdrug injection, but there may be a shift towards more sexual transmission inthe near future. The UN “Common Country Assessment” Report, 46 points tothe presence of the following negative factors, which will contribute to thespread of HIV/AIDS:• High and increasing rate of illicit drug use;• Consistently high rates of sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis;• Growing unemployment, worsening standards of living and moral values,and prostitution;• High rate of migration of people of reproductive age in search of jobsand commercial sex into other countries, especially those with a highprevalence of HIV/AIDS;• Possible growth of the number of HIV-positive children.In 2001, 50 percent of returned trafficked women and girls volunteered tohave STI tests, which were positive in 85 percent of cases. Only a quarter ofSTI positive women completed the treatment. There was one positive HIVtest, which has to be repeated.There are no programmes addressing the health, including HIV/AIDS/STI preventionand treatment, of potential or returned trafficked persons. In 2001 theUN Development programme (UNDP) and the UN Joint Programme on HIV/2846.Common Country Assessment, UN in Moldova, December 2000, p.64-67.
Trafficking in Human Beingsin Southeastern EuropeAIDS (UNAIDS) started a project for National Strategic Planning on HIV/AIDSand the implementation of prevention and information activities.Republic ofMoldova1.5. ProsecutionTraffickers can operate with impunity because of the prevailing corruption andalso the often-mentioned involvement of the authorities in organised criminalactivities. Until recently, Moldova had no anti-trafficking law, only a panderinglaw 47 that has limited application in cases of trafficking.On 30 July 2001, the Parliament passed a law on additions to the CriminalCode and Criminal Code of Practice and introduced Article 113 (2) “Illegal traffickingin Human Beings”. 48 The law was drafted by competent institutions:the section of the Criminal Police responsible for combating trafficking inhuman beings at the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in co-operation with the JusticeService of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Police Academy; and inco-ordination with the Ministry of Justice, General Prosecution Office, Ministryof Labour, Ministry of Security and Ministry of Economy. The article covers allaspects of the term “trafficking’: sale of human beings (with or without theirconsent); forced labour or keeping a person in the conditions of slavery; sexualexploitation; pornographic industry etc., each one attracting a prisonsentence of 5 to 25 years.However, this new law does not fully comply with the Palermo Protocol. OSCEhas issued a series of recommendations and submitted them to the LegalCommittee of the Parliament asking for a re-drafting of the present legislation.As of September 2001, there were 33 cases against traffickers pending. The15 cases prosecuted before September 2001 ended in amnesties and thereforeno one has served any prison sentence.Because of the lack of implementation of anti-trafficking legislation and lackof witness protection law, only five women so far have been willing to testifyagainst traffickers, and five penal cases were initiated as the result of theirtestimonies. Women are also not willing to testify due to fear of being accusedof prostitution. Prostitution was made a criminal offence in Moldova in 1998under Article 105-1 of the Criminal Code and is punishable by imprisonmentfrom six months to one year. In 2000, there were 50 women charged withprostitution. 492. Current responses2.1. National Plan of Action and co-ordinationOn 16 May 2000, the Moldavian Parliament passed a resolution, signed by thePrime Minister, to establish the National Working Group on Trafficking Issuesto co-ordinate trafficking prevention activities. The group was supposed toreport quarterly on prevention measures, which would include co-operatingwith IOM on the implementation of their anti-trafficking programme andinspecting both legitimate companies and those that are fronts for organisedcrime. Deputy Ministers, Members of Parliament and leaders of NGOs wereincluded in the working group to ensure proper co-ordination of the activities,47.Art.105-2 of the Criminal Code.48.Law on the completion of the Criminal Code, and the Criminal Procedure Code of theRepublic of Moldova, Nr 450-XV, “Monitorul Oficial“ of Republic of Moldova, August 17,2001.49.Interview with the US Embassy employee Lisa Heilbronn, 25 July 2001.29
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