Volume 1 Cedric - revised luca Final - RUIG-GIAN

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4. Iraq's SME sector: A profile4.1. Data base and methodological considerationsIn an attempt to provide a broad profile of the private sector in Iraq in terms ofindividual, small and medium establishments, the study adopted raw data from the incometax eligible system 80 made available by the GTC. This macro-economic analysisparticularly focuses on private sector employment.The authors worked on the assumption that all private enterprises apparent in this datawere SMEs, simply because under the previous regime there was no such thing as a largeprivate enterprise. It may be noted here that though there is no common agreement on anSME definition in Iraq, small enterprises are often considered in Iraq and in the region asthose employing 49 or less workers, and medium enterprises those numbering up to 100.In practice the observation of the GTC data has revealed that virtually all privateenterprises in Iraq would be considered as small under this definition.The 2004 raw data covers 1,478,037 individuals classified into 800 categories ofactivities (including the self-employed, liberal professions and entrepreneurs) on thegovernorate level, according to GTC classification.The authors of this study aggregated this data into 30 major economic activitiesgroups. An estimate of the employment intensity of each one of these activities isattempted, and three categories were established regrouping all segments of activity: lowemployment-intensive segments of activity refer to the self-employed, mediumemployment-intensive enterprises hire 1 to 4 employees while high employment-intensivebusinesses hire 5 or more (for a detailed description of the segments of activity included ineach of these categories, please refer to Annex 1: Classification and sub-categories adoptedby the study).While GTC data can offer a representative image of the private sector in Iraq, with itsdiversified categories and its wide and disaggregated format, the data is subject to severaldiscrepancies and exaggerations. Many small and medium projects remain unregisteredwith GTC departments. Obviously, the informal sector is not accounted for. This implies inparticular that with the increase in the informal sector acknowledged since 9 April 2003 asa result of the situation in the country, these data fail to measure an important dimension ofenterprise creation in the new Iraqi context. Disparities in the registration shares sectorallyalso occasion some alterations in the accurateness of this data. Other issues such asinefficiencies in the registration and cancellation of businesses in the GTC need to beconsidered.80 In accordance with Income Tax Law No. (113) of 1982 amended, Para (2).64
4.2. The size and structure of SME sector employment in Iraq4.2.1. The formal SME sectorThe following table presents an overview of the SME sector based on GTC data. Aclassification on the basis of employment intensity and segments of activity is provided. Atotal number of 1,341,800 81 SMEs is herafter accounted for as emanating from the GTCdata. 82Table 6: Iraq’s private sector SMEsindividual businessesTaxpayers(1000)sMedium employmentintensity(1 to 4employees)Taxpayers(1000)sHigh employment intensity(5 and more employees)Taxpayers(1000)sTaxi and transport 536.0 Transport and car repair 209.5 Food factoriesownersservices and equipment10.7Semiskilled income 139.8 Construction related 11.3 Agricultural relatedearnerstrade and servicesfactories2.7Ungrouped professions 44.0 Miscellanous services 81.0 Textiles factories 2.4Specialized services 26.2 Carpentry factories 1.3Health services 24.1 Paper factories 1.0Industrial services 15.0 Automobile relatedfactories0.9Art and literature 8.4 Rubber and plasticfactories0.6Agricultural related 4.8 Leather work factoriesservices0.6Furniture and carpentry 4.6 Construction relatedfactories41.0Fuel 0.8 Construction 34.5Food supplies 65.3General trading 32.6Clothing andaccessories18.0Spare parts and tools 13.9domestic furnishing 6.6House appliances 3.7Games and sports 0.5needsTotal 719.8 526.3 95.7Based on data provided by the GTC, the authors of the study have constructed theIraq’s private sector employment pyramid below. The PSEP has at its base micro and smallenterprises, and at its top the owners and workers of larger enterprises. Medium-sizedprojects, specialized services and professions are in the middle. PSEPs provide aresensitive to labour market evolutions as a result of economic crises that a country mayface.81 The various categories of income sources (72,600) and temporary cases of 495,000 taxpayers are not includedin this table.82 See for further detail Annex 1: Classification and sub categories adopted by the study.65
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HEI-ILO Research Programme onStreng
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PrefaceThis three-volume series res
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Table of contentsPreface...........
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The Private Sector and Social Partn
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Executive summaryPrivate enterprise
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IGOs, NGOs—tend to exclude, or at
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• The World Bank has created a kn
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2. Private enterprises in conflict-
Page 22 and 23: Figure 1: The Private Sector Employ
Page 24 and 25: 2.3. Case study: Promoting multi-et
Page 26 and 27: downstream, i.e. refining and distr
Page 28 and 29: Box 1: How does Somalia’s private
Page 30 and 31: Sectoral aspectsthere will be added
Page 32 and 33: inequities in pricing. “Of the 16
Page 34 and 35: into the armies are thereby also at
Page 36 and 37: 3. Private enterprises and social p
Page 38 and 39: Two natural disasters which have be
Page 40 and 41: Box 4: Cooperatives in crisis respo
Page 42 and 43: partners, the tripartite cooperatio
Page 44: 36forces and that are able to perfo
Page 48: AcknowledgmentsThe authors of this
Page 51 and 52: 6.2. Delimiters of women’s econom
Page 54 and 55: Executive summaryDespite the rich n
Page 56 and 57: 1. IntroductionSince 1979, under th
Page 58 and 59: 2. Country profileThe Republic of I
Page 60 and 61: • activities related to reconstru
Page 62 and 63: for university education concerning
Page 64 and 65: 2.4. Economic environment assessmen
Page 66 and 67: Unemployment (15 years of age and a
Page 68 and 69: 2.5. PerspectivesDespite devastatio
Page 70 and 71: 3. The rationale of SME sector deve
Page 74 and 75: The Private sector employment pyram
Page 76 and 77: Table 8: Estimates of total formal
Page 78 and 79: Feasibility study: almost all respo
Page 80 and 81: Table 9: Percentage of female entre
Page 82 and 83: Factors for public sector preferenc
Page 84 and 85: The recessionary indication of busi
Page 86 and 87: Special investment legislation and
Page 88 and 89: 8. Small entrepreneurs in Iraq: Sto
Page 90 and 91: a reasonable income and independenc
Page 92 and 93: 9. RecommendationsSME-development s
Page 94 and 95: Longer-term SME developmentBesides
Page 96 and 97: • literature and artistic service
Page 98 and 99: 2. List of interviews with governme
Page 100 and 101: 11. Why did you decide establishing
Page 102 and 103: 33. What are the cost components of
Page 104 and 105: 59. Are you working on a project, o
Page 106: Promoting multi-ethnic stakeholder
Page 109 and 110: 101
Page 111 and 112: 103
Page 113 and 114: 105
Page 115 and 116: 107
Page 117 and 118: 109
Page 119 and 120: Research methodologyThe research te
Page 121 and 122: possibility of conflict. In 1992, a
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2.2.2. PovertyAfter the break-up of
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of almost 10 per cent of GDP, yet i
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Source of initial financing: privat
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‘It is important to point out tha
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4.2. The economic resilience of int
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medium-sized companies employing 24
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5.2. Addressing constraints for SME
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5.4. Support to local initiativesSM
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ConclusionConsidering the actual an
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Scott, Norman: Macedonia: A Brief E
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Official gross reserves 4 290 450 7
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4. Survey questionnaire1. Name of t
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139
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141
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143
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2. Le contexte2.1. Le paradoxe ango
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Composition et description des Futu
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Les généraux angolais sont prése
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Les syndicats officielsL’Union na
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Une étude réalisée en 2003 pour
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3.3. Sortir du cercle vicieux : vie
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Annexes1. Morceaux choisis : le «
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159
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L’implication des partenaires soc
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Table des matièresTable des matiè
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RemerciementsQu’il me soit permis
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Liste des acronymesAFASPAALEANEAANS
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GlossaireAide d’urgence :Aléa :A
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Résumé exécutifAu cours des dix
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1. IntroductionLe département de R
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Limites de l’étudeAvant de proc
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évalué à plus de deux milliards
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2.2.2. Aspects démographiquesLes p
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2.3.3. EducationDès l’indépenda
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création de fonds de stabilisation
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3. Analyse des formes de réponse :
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• le secteur de l’Eau sera dest
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• la révision de la législation
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de main-d’œuvre, encourageant la
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leur fournissait les équipements e
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matérielle sous des formes diverse
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centre de l’attention des partena
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• le rôle dévolu à la commissi
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Renforcer le rôle de solidarité d
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ConclusionLa dimension de la tache
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Equipe Multidisciplinaire pour l’
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2. Séries statistiquesTable 8 : Ev
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Table 11 : Répartition de la popul
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Table 2 : Liste détaillée des com
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Table 4 : Dispositif d’interventi
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Organisation de l’unité syndical
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- Centre technique de construction.
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Volume 1 Cedric - revised luca Final - RUIG-GIAN

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