Volume 1 Cedric - revised luca Final - RUIG-GIAN

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Special investment legislation and regulations cannot succeed in motivating thecreation and development of entrepreneurial if they impose overly burdensomeadministrative requirements on investments. Hence the need for enabling legislation toprovide enterprises with the flexibility they require, while safeguarding workers and thesociety from abuses.7.2. Harnessing opportunitiesThe new Iraqi social, political and economic context brings with it opportunities forentrepreneurship and enterprise development. This section highlights the mosteconomically dynamic segments of activity for Iraqi small enterprises today and in themedium term.The reconstruction sector attracts the largest bulk of the expenditures andinvestments in Iraq, and this will continue to be so over the medium term. According to theUN-World Bank joint assessment needs assembly which took place in October 2003,estimates of overall reconstruction needs over the period 2003 to 2007 will be in the orderof 36 billion US$. 89 However, reconstruction activity has so far concentrated on industriessuch as oil production and public utilities, thereby creating few jobs, and actualinvestments have not matched expectations to date. If Iraqi SMEs were more closelyinvolved in this process one could expect immediate success for SMEs, leading to privatesector prosperity, growth and, most importantly, the generation of hundreds of thousandsof jobs. Reconstruction programs can offer the economy the chance to regain its vitality.The oil sector is the main economic vein in Iraq. However, it has been isolated fromother sectors of the economy as pertaining exclusively to the State domain. Hence, theexpansion in oil sector’s upstream and downstream dealings with other segments of theeconomy, including SMEs, to provide inputs and services that are needed may represent arewarding, stable and profitable source of future development, investment and employmentopportunities to the private sector.Transport and distribution is another promising segment of future expansionprospects in Iraq. Neighbouring-country companies of this sort are currently relied upon tofill the supply deficiency in this sector. The transport sector was previously in the hands ofan SOE, and small companies were subcontracted. Following the war in Iraq many of thesecompanies liquidated their business. 90 The private transport sector remains a good businessopportunity to establish private companies for internal and external transport of cargo andpassengers, including taxi services.Another wide and attractive economic segment is commerce. Simplifying importprocedures and establishing quick profit opportunities are major driving forces behind theexpansion of this segment. Commercial businesses range from floor-shop vendors andwholesalers to relatively developed import/export companies. Therefore, one wouldimagine that there are commercial sections that may be overcrowded, such as sole trading,while other active traders can still secure semi-monopolistic positions in wholesale andimport trading. The depreciated Iraqi currency promotes exports. Also, the nullification ofprevious legislation that restricted exports presents new opportunities. Effective exportsupport must give a fair chance to Iraqi products. It is worth mentioning here thatentrepreneurs should be aware that the MoT has actively restructured the “Export supportfund” with the aim of offering support and loans to SMEs in this regard.89 The UN-World Bank "Joint needs assessment "(October 2003).90 Interview with Raad Al-Umari, transport expert, former DG of Transport Establishment.78
Major market opportunities for service businesses are:• services related to the communications industry, especially computers;• industrial services, such as repair and maintenance;• internal, external (mainly religious), archaeological and recreational tourism.The fact is that most of the Iraqi industries, SMEs and, to a lesser extent, largeenterprises are in a disadvantaged position vis-à-vis external competition. Newinternational investors are needed to accompany a wide transformation process of the SMEsector to meet the challenge. Joint ventures and partnerships for industrial enterprises withforeign companies can be successful and promising.Industrial producers of final goods, such as clothing and textiles, can successfully beestablished through patents and licensing of international trademarks. Traditionally, Iraqholds a highly-skilled carpentry labour force; industrial enterprises such as furniture anddoor manufacturing can utilize this comparative asset more efficiently by modernizinglocal industries and satisfy a high internal demand in Iraq.79
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HEI-ILO Research Programme onStreng
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PrefaceThis three-volume series res
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Table of contentsPreface...........
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The Private Sector and Social Partn
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Executive summaryPrivate enterprise
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IGOs, NGOs—tend to exclude, or at
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• The World Bank has created a kn
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2. Private enterprises in conflict-
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Figure 1: The Private Sector Employ
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2.3. Case study: Promoting multi-et
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downstream, i.e. refining and distr
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Box 1: How does Somalia’s private
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Sectoral aspectsthere will be added
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inequities in pricing. “Of the 16
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into the armies are thereby also at
Page 36 and 37: 3. Private enterprises and social p
Page 38 and 39: Two natural disasters which have be
Page 40 and 41: Box 4: Cooperatives in crisis respo
Page 42 and 43: partners, the tripartite cooperatio
Page 44: 36forces and that are able to perfo
Page 48: AcknowledgmentsThe authors of this
Page 51 and 52: 6.2. Delimiters of women’s econom
Page 54 and 55: Executive summaryDespite the rich n
Page 56 and 57: 1. IntroductionSince 1979, under th
Page 58 and 59: 2. Country profileThe Republic of I
Page 60 and 61: • activities related to reconstru
Page 62 and 63: for university education concerning
Page 64 and 65: 2.4. Economic environment assessmen
Page 66 and 67: Unemployment (15 years of age and a
Page 68 and 69: 2.5. PerspectivesDespite devastatio
Page 70 and 71: 3. The rationale of SME sector deve
Page 72 and 73: 4. Iraq's SME sector: A profile4.1.
Page 74 and 75: The Private sector employment pyram
Page 76 and 77: Table 8: Estimates of total formal
Page 78 and 79: Feasibility study: almost all respo
Page 80 and 81: Table 9: Percentage of female entre
Page 82 and 83: Factors for public sector preferenc
Page 84 and 85: The recessionary indication of busi
Page 88 and 89: 8. Small entrepreneurs in Iraq: Sto
Page 90 and 91: a reasonable income and independenc
Page 92 and 93: 9. RecommendationsSME-development s
Page 94 and 95: Longer-term SME developmentBesides
Page 96 and 97: • literature and artistic service
Page 98 and 99: 2. List of interviews with governme
Page 100 and 101: 11. Why did you decide establishing
Page 102 and 103: 33. What are the cost components of
Page 104 and 105: 59. Are you working on a project, o
Page 106: Promoting multi-ethnic stakeholder
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Page 111 and 112: 103
Page 113 and 114: 105
Page 115 and 116: 107
Page 117 and 118: 109
Page 119 and 120: Research methodologyThe research te
Page 121 and 122: possibility of conflict. In 1992, a
Page 123 and 124: 2.2.2. PovertyAfter the break-up of
Page 125 and 126: of almost 10 per cent of GDP, yet i
Page 127 and 128: Source of initial financing: privat
Page 129 and 130: ‘It is important to point out tha
Page 131 and 132: 4.2. The economic resilience of int
Page 133 and 134: medium-sized companies employing 24
Page 135 and 136: 5.2. Addressing constraints for SME
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5.4. Support to local initiativesSM
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ConclusionConsidering the actual an
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Scott, Norman: Macedonia: A Brief E
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Official gross reserves 4 290 450 7
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4. Survey questionnaire1. Name of t
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139
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141
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143
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2. Le contexte2.1. Le paradoxe ango
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Composition et description des Futu
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Les généraux angolais sont prése
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Les syndicats officielsL’Union na
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Une étude réalisée en 2003 pour
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3.3. Sortir du cercle vicieux : vie
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Annexes1. Morceaux choisis : le «
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159
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L’implication des partenaires soc
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Table des matièresTable des matiè
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RemerciementsQu’il me soit permis
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Liste des acronymesAFASPAALEANEAANS
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GlossaireAide d’urgence :Aléa :A
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Résumé exécutifAu cours des dix
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1. IntroductionLe département de R
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Limites de l’étudeAvant de proc
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évalué à plus de deux milliards
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2.2.2. Aspects démographiquesLes p
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2.3.3. EducationDès l’indépenda
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création de fonds de stabilisation
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3. Analyse des formes de réponse :
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• le secteur de l’Eau sera dest
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• la révision de la législation
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de main-d’œuvre, encourageant la
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leur fournissait les équipements e
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matérielle sous des formes diverse
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centre de l’attention des partena
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• le rôle dévolu à la commissi
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Renforcer le rôle de solidarité d
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ConclusionLa dimension de la tache
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Equipe Multidisciplinaire pour l’
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2. Séries statistiquesTable 8 : Ev
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Table 11 : Répartition de la popul
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Table 2 : Liste détaillée des com
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Table 4 : Dispositif d’interventi
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Organisation de l’unité syndical
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- Centre technique de construction.
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Volume 1 Cedric - revised luca Final - RUIG-GIAN

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