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THE UNRAVELLING OF SUHARTO’S REGIME 207<strong>in</strong>justices experienced by the people’. 52 Ongo<strong>in</strong>g frictions <strong>and</strong> the battle forcontrol of ICMI, between its bureaucrats <strong>and</strong> its reform-m<strong>in</strong>ded members, on thisoccasion were resolved <strong>in</strong> favour of the latter. Whereas Suharto’s circle hadpromoted ICMI bureaucrats to cab<strong>in</strong>et rank, the cost of this uncompromis<strong>in</strong>gpolicy (of reward<strong>in</strong>g his closest loyalists with posts) was that ICMI’s<strong>in</strong>telligentsia sought to unhitch the association from bureaucratic <strong>in</strong>fluence<strong>and</strong> control. Fail<strong>in</strong>g to ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>clusion <strong>in</strong> the power structure, they wished to makeICMI a much more autonomous associational expression of their <strong>in</strong>terests,unfettered by the constra<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>and</strong> controls of corporatism.Habibie tried to placate the discontent of the <strong>in</strong>telligentsia by appo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g AdiSasono <strong>and</strong> other ICMI supporters as advisors to the vice-president’s office. Inreturn, Achmad Tirtosudirjo <strong>and</strong> other ICMI figures talked optimistically of theorganisation assum<strong>in</strong>g the role of th<strong>in</strong>k-tank on government policy. 53 Accord<strong>in</strong>gto Asiaweek, Habibie’s new reform-m<strong>in</strong>ded advisors believed that they couldtransform Habibie <strong>and</strong> ‘remake him—<strong>in</strong> their own image’, to become ‘a Muslimwho is progressive, sophisticated, market-oriented <strong>and</strong> media-savvy; someonewho cares about social justice, democracy, human rights, the environment’. 54Although, Adi cautioned, ‘we can’t expect dramatic changes while Suharto is <strong>in</strong>power’. 55Efforts to mollify ICMI aspirations did not prevent them from attack<strong>in</strong>gSuharto’s rule. However, they began to call for the president to step down onlyafter the horror of the Trisakti <strong>in</strong>cident, student abductions <strong>and</strong> ensu<strong>in</strong>g anti-Ch<strong>in</strong>ese riots of 14–15 May. Elite op<strong>in</strong>ion <strong>and</strong> public op<strong>in</strong>ion began to turnresolutely aga<strong>in</strong>st Suharto as it no longer tolerated such crude methods of terror—aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>Indonesia</strong>’s most treasured youth, university students—as a means ofmanag<strong>in</strong>g dissent <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>stability. Reflect<strong>in</strong>g this outrage <strong>and</strong> disaffection overtheir own displacement from power, ICMI’s chairman <strong>and</strong> Secretary Generalbecame more outspoken <strong>in</strong> their support for the reform movement.For example, after a meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> mid-May of the central leadership council ofICMI, Achmad Tirtosudirjo <strong>and</strong> Adi Sasono announced that ICMI supportedstudent dem<strong>and</strong>s for ‘total reform’. However, it is doubtful that, at the time, theyactually desired ‘total reform’, as they were not seek<strong>in</strong>g a significant shift <strong>in</strong> powerconfigurations but a realignment of them under Habibie’s future presidency. ICMIstill provided an important vehicle for achiev<strong>in</strong>g this. They proposed that aspecial session of the MPR be held <strong>and</strong> the cab<strong>in</strong>et be reshuffled, <strong>in</strong> an allusionto the need for Suharto’s government to resign. 56 On 16 May, Adi Sasono gave afiery anti-Suharto speech before an emotionally charged audience at Al-AzharMosque. 57 The press reported Achmad Tirtosudiro as call<strong>in</strong>g for Suharto toresign before the 20 th of the month. 58To conclude, Amien Rais had led the defection from Suharto; eventually someof ICMI’s senior leaders <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>telligentsia followed suit. Incorporation <strong>in</strong> theexist<strong>in</strong>g state structures no longer worked for members of ICMI’s <strong>in</strong>telligentsianor for a number of its leaders. The March cab<strong>in</strong>et appo<strong>in</strong>tments of Suhartoloyalists proved beyond a doubt that Muslim <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>in</strong> ICMI would not benefit