Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia

MANAGING POLITICS AND ISLAM IN INDONESIA 6939. Nakamura, ‘NU’s Leadership Crisis’, pp.102–5; Haris, PPP Dan Politik, p.23.40. Haris, PPP Dan Politik, p.1.41. Tamara, ‘Islam under the New Order’, pp.17–18; Haris, PPP Dan Politik, p.21.42. Tamara, ‘Islam under the New Order’, p.18; Imawan, ‘The Evolution of PoliticalParty’, p.216; Haris, PPP Dan Politik, p.33.43. Haris, PPP Dan Politik, pp.18–22; Tamara, ‘Islam under the New Order’, p.18.44. Interview with Aisyah Hamid Baidlowi (Chairwoman of NU-Muslimat), 11 March1997; Rasyid, ‘Preparing for Post-Soeharto Rule’, pp.155–6; Forum Keadilan, 10February 1997; van Bruinessen, ‘The 28 th Congress of the Nahdlatul Ulama’, p.146.45. Meeting with GP Ansor leaders in Bangil, East Java, 10 August 1997; interviewwith Haji Ahmad Jaman (leader of GP Ansor Kotamadia Pasuruan), 10 August1997; meeting in Situbondo of East Java chapters of NU, 5 August 1997; annualmeeting of the leadership of Muslimat for the Greater Jakarta Region, 3 April1997; meeting at P3M, entitled ‘Menemukan “Jangkar” Politik Gus-Dur’, 11 April1997; ‘Laporan Situasi Daerah’, Pengurus Cabang NU, 7 May 1997.46. Dhofier, Tradition and Change; Noer, Administration of Islam, pp.24–41.47. The bill was first drafted in 1978 and was a continuing source of contention anddebate.48. Mudzhar, Fatwas of the Council, pp.58–9.49. The removal of general subjects from the Islamic institutes sparked student protestson a number of the campuses. Aqsha et al., Islam in Indonesia: A Survey of Events,pp.385–441.50. It is important to note that state-run Islamic education was not a dominant part ofmainstream Islamic education, which was conducted by thousands of privately runIslamic boarding schools (pesantren) scattered throughout mainly rural Java. Statesponsoredinitiatives to incorporate education into a national system continuallyconfronted the problem of how to deal with the independence of the pesantrenuniverse. In seeking to overcome this problem, even before Education Act No.2/1989, the regime sought to turn the IAINs into a training centre for religiousscholars (ulama), with the intention of returning an increasing number of the statetrained,and especially western educated, ulama to teach at private pesantren. Asurvey conducted in 1986 by the pesantren-based NGO, P3M, found that graduatesof state-run IAINs led around 10 per cent of pesantren in Indonesia. Since theEducation Act, the regime has stepped up these efforts and, in the process, soughtto increase the state’s jurisdiction over Islamic education. Interview withZamakhsyari Dhofier, 20 November 1997; Dhofier, Tradition and Change;‘Intellectual Engineering in IAIN’, Studia Islamika; Aqsha et al., Islam inIndonesia: A Survey of Events, pp.385–441.51. Information drawn from work done by Greg Fealy in April 1997 and May 1999.52. Emmerson, ‘The Bureaucracy in Political Context’, pp.96–109; Ward, The 1971Election, p.97.53. Murtopo, Strategi Politik Nasional, p.80.54. Feillard, ‘Traditionalist Islam’, p.64; Munhanif, ‘Islam and the Struggle’, pp.101–2.55. Interview with Mulyanto Sumardi (former Director General of Islamic TertiaryInstitutes), 27 March 1997; Munhanif, ‘Religious Thought of Mukti Ali’, pp.101–3.56. Moertopo, Strategi Politik Nasional.