research activities in 2007 - CSEM

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WISE – Wireless Solutions for the Aeronautics Industry A. Hutter, B. Perrin, L. von Allmen, C. Kassapogou Faist This report is a summary of the work carried out under the European WISE project. This project investigates wireless solutions for the air industry. The focus of this article is on the evaluation and implementation of low-power protocols. The European WISE project [1] is a research activity that is intended to strengthen the competitiveness of the European air industry in the wireless domain. As such, the project investigates wireless technologies together with autonomous powering sources for aircraft sensing and monitoring systems. Industrial partners from the air industry include EUROCOPTER and DASSAULT as well as Messier-Bugatti and the EADS research centre. Within the project consortium CSEM is the expert partner for the following two domains: • wireless solutions for difficult propagation environments • low-power implementations for wireless solutions For the first domain, a magnetic solution for a wireless oxygen-bottle pressure-readout system has been designed and implemented. The major difficulty for this application was to guarantee transmission through metal shielding with only tiny holes. Concerning the second domain, CSEM expertise was required for the wireless replacement of the helicopter turbine air-intake temperature sensing system. The remainder of this article will focus on the description of this application and the implementation of the low-power wireless sensor. Figure 1: Air-intake area of helicopter turbine and placement of the temperature sensor High precision temperature measurement (0.1° C) of the incoming air stream is required to guarantee optimum and efficient turbine operation. The current solution uses a PT100 temperature sensor located in the head of a rod placed inside the air-intake section of the turbine, see also Figure 1. The read-out electronics is placed in the engine compartment, where the temperature is relatively high. Due to the potential temperature variations along the cable, the measurement error can be higher than the required precision. The investigated replacement system foresees a wireless sensor unit that is located at the bottom of the temperature rod in the engine compartment. To guarantee autonomous operation, the sensor is equipped with a magnetic micro- generator that exploits the vibrations of the helicopter. The micro-generator should deliver up to 10 mW continuously, which results in a maximum current constraint of 5 mA when operating at 2 V supply voltage. For the evaluation of the wireless transmission protocol options, a graphical user interface was developed, see also Figure 2. This tool allows the rapid visualisation of the impact of different protocol parameters. For the WISE application, a beacon-enabled network with a beacon interval of 491 ms was selected in order to guarantee the required delay constraints. Figure 2: Graphical user interface to evaluate protocol trade-offs Initial implementation results show that an average current of 1.7 mA is required for the transmission system, see also Figure 3. These initial results do not yet include the power consumption for the signal acquisition circuit. It is anticipated that the latter draws a maximum current of 1 mA, which results in an average current of 0.1 mA for 10% duty cycling (100 Hz sampling frequency). Therefore, with an estimated average current of 1.8 mA, which is equivalent to 3.6 mW@2V, it is expected to meet the power constraint originating from the micro-generator. Figure 3: Implementation results with signal acquisition emulation [1] Project web-site: www.wise-project.orghttp://www.wiseproject.org/ 79
UWB Antenna with Improved Bandwidth and Spatial Diversity using RF-MEMS Switches Q. Xu, L. Petit, J. R. Farserotu An UWB dual patch antenna with optimized bandwidth from 5.5 to 9.7 GHz was developed. Together with a RF MEMS based switch combining circuit, the UWB antenna allows construction of a reconfigurable unit that provides multiple-direction radiation. Within the project e-SENSE, CSEM has undertaken R&D on energy efficient FR solutions for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). To successfully address the different scenarios and enhance the overall system performance, a very promising option is to add more functionality to the antenna subsystem, and focus on pattern reconfigurability of the UWB antennas. The motivations to address radiation pattern reconfigurability are the following: • Range extension • Direction Of Arrival (DOA) estimation • Enhanced coexistence (Multiple users, multipath rejection) UWB antenna design – a structure of stacked and notched dual-patch has been adopted to achieve the bandwidth enhancement. Parameters, including the size of the patches, the slot length, the microstrip feed position, the spacer thickness, as well as the dimensions of the notches, that impact the bandwidth performance have been optimized simultaneously in simulations. The enhanced impedance matching bandwidth ranging from 5.5 GHz to 9.7 GHz has been achieved and has shown good agreement with measured results (Figure 1). 80 S11 Mag [dB] 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 Measurement Theoretical computation -35 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Frequency [GHz] Figure 1: Measured and simulated impedance bandwidth RF-MEMS combining circuit – a switch combining circuit has been developed and is presented in Figure 2. RF MEMS for reconfigurable antennas and beam forming networks (BFN) exhibit outstanding performances in terms of linearity, low power consumption and RF performances. The combination of several UWB antennas with a RF-MEMS switch based feed network in order to achieve both spatial diversity and powerefficiency at UWB frequencies has thus been addressed. The antennas and the switch combining circuit have been designed, tested and optimized separately. This solution has more flexibility in terms of the gain and the pointing directions. The circuit by itself consists of three cascaded COTS RF- MEMS devices as well as associated components (bias resistance, feed capacitance, charge pump capacitance, logic circuitry). Because of the particular nature of RF MEMS devices, which are electrostatic actuated micro electromechanical (MEMS) structures, the design, assembly and test of the RF-MEMS based circuit has been undertaken taking into account consideration for handling (Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) sensitivity) and assembly (ultrasonic cleaning/mechanical vibration sensitivity). The designed RF- MEMS based switch combining circuit showed very good isolation between the different antenna ports for higher diversity efficiency along with very low power consumption. Measured radiation patterns of the UWB antenna array using the RF-MEMS switch combing circuit are shown on Figure 3. Figure 2: Left - Switch combining circuit. Right - mounted antennas 270 300 240 330 210 0 [dB] -10 -20 -30 -40 0 180 30 60 120 150Antenna3-on Antenna4-on Figure 3: Achieved two radiation directions using RF-MEMS Conclusion - An UWB dual patch antenna with optimized bandwidth was developed. The enhanced bandwidth from 5.5 to 9.7 GHz covers the frequency band required by communications using UWB in the high band. The antenna diversity providing two beams enabled by a RF-MEMS switch has been demonstrated. The reconfigurability and the directivity of the antenna offer interesting potentials for energy-saving in a simultaneous communication scenario of WSN. This work was partly funded by IST project e-SENSE. CSEM thanks them for their support. 90
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centre suisse d’électronique et
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CONTENTS PREFACE 5 RESEARCH ACTIVIT
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PREFACE Dear Reader, In this report
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TissueOptics - Portable SpO2 Monito
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Counterfeit - Machine Readable Cove
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ArrayFM - An Atomic Force Microscop
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Encoder - Nanometric Optical Absolu
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PackTime - Zero-Level Packaging of
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TissueOptics - Portable SpO2 Monito
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spectrometer applications so CSEM h
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As a first step, CSEM is building s
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Data Fusion for Wireless Distribute
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A High-Performance 2.4 GHz RF Front
Page 29 and 30: Quasi-Harmonic Quadrature CMOS Rela
Page 31 and 32: icycam, a System-On Chip (SoC) for
Page 34 and 35: PHOTONICS Nicolas Blanc The Photoni
Page 36 and 37: Optoelectronic Test Equipment for I
Page 38 and 39: Compact Illumination Modules Based
Page 40 and 41: Efficient Screening and Formulation
Page 42: Optical Fill Factor Enhancement for
Page 45 and 46: Dissolved Oxygen Sensor with Self-C
Page 47 and 48: Metal Micro-Parts Fabrication F. Ca
Page 49 and 50: Towards an Optical Switch with J-ag
Page 51 and 52: Towards Plasmon Enhanced Detectors
Page 53 and 54: Sol-Gel based Nanoporous Layers as
Page 55 and 56: Nanoporous Membranes for Medical Di
Page 57 and 58: Parallel Nanoscale Dispensing of Li
Page 59 and 60: Detection Methods for Nanotoxicolog
Page 61 and 62: Composite Materials for Bone Implan
Page 63 and 64: Smart Wound Dressing with Integrate
Page 65 and 66: Food Safety with the Help of a Mini
Page 68 and 69: NANOMEDICINE Peter Seitz Mandated b
Page 70: X-Ray Microscopy and Micrometer-Res
Page 73 and 74: Micro-Vibration Analysis Setup for
Page 75 and 76: the signals with a reference to sta
Page 77 and 78: Prediction of Neurocardiovascular E
Page 79: Continuous Arterial Blood Pressure
Page 83 and 84: A Wireless Sensor Network for Fire
Page 85 and 86: A MAC Protocol for UWB-IR Wireless
Page 87 and 88: Wireless Sensor Networks for Monito
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Page 93 and 94: NanoHand - A System for Automated N
Page 95 and 96: Isolation and Reversible Immobiliza
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Page 99 and 100: Pressure Sensing Strip - Packaging
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Page 109 and 110: Quality Control A. Dommann, A. Ibza
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Page 119 and 120: C. Piguet "High Level Energy and Po
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Name Professor / University Theme /
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C. Piguet Member of the Board of th
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