research activities in 2007 - CSEM

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Microfactory – A Flexible Assembly Platform P. Glocker, R. Wyss, P. Schmid, U. Zbinden, J. Taprogge, M. Honegger, A. Steinecker, G. Gruener, C. Meyer In the future, small components will be assembled on small machines. CSEM has designed small-sized Delta robots with integrated controller hardware and minimized external cabling and footprint. The PocketDelta is an ideal, modular, micro-assembly platform for automatic production in desktop applications. A demonstration Microfactory with four robots shows great potential for saving resources in miniaturized production systems. In the past few years CSEM has invested in the miniaturization of robot systems based on parallel Delta kinematics. The result is the PocketDelta [1] , a highly integrated robot platform for micro-assembly applications with up to 4 degrees of freedom (Figure 1). This new tool shows a high potential for future assembly technologies due to the following specifications: • High precision: Repeatability < 5 µm • Short cycle time: up to 3 cycles per second • Small size: 120 x 120 x 240 mm Figure 1: The PocketDelta robot In March 2007, CSEM was bestowed with the First Prize of the prestigious Swiss Technology Award [2] for the concept of a miniaturized modular assembly line (Figures 2 and 3). Figure 2: CSEM receives the First Prize of the Swiss Technology Award 2007 for its Microfactory concept At the Hanover Fair 2007, CSEM presented a miniature assembly line with four PocketDelta robots (Figures 4 and 5), demonstrating assembly of micro-planetary gears with a housing diameter of 6 mm. CSEM landed within the top-five finalists of the Hanover-Fair–associated Hermes Award [3] . Figure 3: Microfactory concept for a desktop assembly line with 5 PocketDelta robots Figure 4: Microfactory assembly line with 4 PocketDeltas presented at the Hannover Fair 2007 The high position accuracy of the PocketDelta and its short cycle times bring new economical advantages. Note that the MicroFactory does not solve existing assembly problems. Rather, a new technology platform has been launched for future low-cost production systems. Products to be manufactured by this platform should be designed with its performance in mind. One great advantage, though, is the fact that the same system can be used during prototyping and production, reducing development time and risk. Figure 5: Close-up look of the Microfactory assembly line CSEM is developing additional components for the Microfactory, such as part feeders and integrated sensors for force measurement and automatic part location, which will improve the performance of the Microfactory assembly line. [1] S. Perroud, et al., “New pocket and desktop Delta robots with integrated controllers”, CSEM Scientific and Technical Report 2006, page 80 [2] http://www.swisstechnology-award.ch [3] http://www.hannovermesse.de/hermesaward_e 93
Isolation and Reversible Immobilization of Single Cells S. F. Graf, P. Schmid, H. F. Knapp An innovative system to meet the need of drug researchers is under development. The novel approach integrates new technologies including microrobotics and microfluidics to achieve a high throughput screening rate which will replace time consuming and costly manual operations used today. To this end, a multipurpose robotic system called ‘CellBot’ was developed consisting of the high-precision robot ‘µDelta’, the fully automated inverse reflected light microscope ‘iMic’, the tool stage, the fixed working platform and the “Carousel” for reversible immobilizing of the cells. By using this visual feedback controlled setup an automated isolation and reversible immobilization of single Xenopus laevis oocytes could be demonstrated. Cell-based assays are set to become the preferred choice of screening in drug discovery research, potentially overtaking more traditional approaches that include animal models. New target screening often requires the use of cell assays to detect specific cellular pathways of chemical compounds, therapeutic proteins, siRNA agents and other structures of interest. Insight from these assays could help more efficient discovery of effective drugs, thus saving time and costs as well as the need for future secondary screens. The emphasis now for cell-based assay manufacturers is to develop easy-to-use and highly sensitive cell systems as an alternative to current rodent bioassays. High throughput screening (HTS) using cellbased assays will particularly become increasingly needed for both industrial and scientific applications. Introduction of DNA, siRNA, or other substances into cells is one important micromanipulation technology applied to develop and optimize various cellular systems, which enables cell systems either to more closely approximate in vivo testing or to become more competent or more specific for various in vitro applications. However, the pharmaceutical industry needs a highthroughput, efficient, and automated system for direct delivery of substances (including compounds, DNA, siRNA and mAbs) into a large number of cells for HTS use. To address this need, the development of an automated microinjection system is in process. Microinjection is a technique where a glass capillary filled with substances is controlled by a micromanipulator. Cells have to be individually immobilized while the capillary with an apex of 0.5 to 10 µm diameter penetrates the cell and a pressuring device injects the substances. Therefore, as a first step, the isolation of single Xenopus laevis oocytes with a following reversible immobilization is demonstrated. The “CellBot” [1] setup is used, consisting of a high precision robot “µDelta” equipped with a glass capillary connected to a peristaltic pump, a fully automated inverted light microscope “iMic” and a fixed working platform with a Petri dish and a “Carousel” for further cell manipulations (Figure 1). To start the process, the user has to place a suspension of Xenopus laevis oocytes into a Petri dish. Via the user interface the routine can be started: The iMic scans the Petri dish (Figure 2) and cells of interest are automatically identified via a pattern matching software based on a set of given parameters If a cell is detected, the glass capillary is automatically guided by vision feedback to pick up the cell and places it into the carousel. The carousel contains specially designed cone structures for immobilizing the cells, with or without negative pressure. By rotating the “carousel” the cell is moved to the microinjection position, which will be implemented at a later stage. Finally the carousel can be 94 rotated to two additional positions, where the cells can be released into a collection or waste container, respectively. The release of the cells is aided by pressure pulses. The collection container can be removed by the user for further processing. collectio n carousel pipette petri Figure 1: Workspace of the CellBot where the micropipette is about to pick a cell to transfer it to the carousel for immobilization. Figure 2: A special combination of bright– and darkfield illumination enables simultaneous detection of several parameters of the Xenopus laevis oocytes, such as shape, size, and coloration, that will identify viable cells. This work was partly funded by the EU (project NMP2-CT- 2006-026622) and the cantons of central Switzerland and the MCCS (Micro Center Central Switzerland). CSEM thanks them for their support. [1] T. Stöckli, et al., “High precision robotics for automated cell handling“, CSEM Scientific and Technical Report 2006, page 83
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CONTENTS PREFACE 5 RESEARCH ACTIVIT
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PREFACE Dear Reader, In this report
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TissueOptics - Portable SpO2 Monito
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Counterfeit - Machine Readable Cove
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ArrayFM - An Atomic Force Microscop
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Encoder - Nanometric Optical Absolu
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PackTime - Zero-Level Packaging of
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TissueOptics - Portable SpO2 Monito
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spectrometer applications so CSEM h
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As a first step, CSEM is building s
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Data Fusion for Wireless Distribute
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A High-Performance 2.4 GHz RF Front
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Quasi-Harmonic Quadrature CMOS Rela
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icycam, a System-On Chip (SoC) for
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PHOTONICS Nicolas Blanc The Photoni
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Optoelectronic Test Equipment for I
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Compact Illumination Modules Based
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Efficient Screening and Formulation
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Optical Fill Factor Enhancement for
Page 45 and 46: Dissolved Oxygen Sensor with Self-C
Page 47 and 48: Metal Micro-Parts Fabrication F. Ca
Page 49 and 50: Towards an Optical Switch with J-ag
Page 51 and 52: Towards Plasmon Enhanced Detectors
Page 53 and 54: Sol-Gel based Nanoporous Layers as
Page 55 and 56: Nanoporous Membranes for Medical Di
Page 57 and 58: Parallel Nanoscale Dispensing of Li
Page 59 and 60: Detection Methods for Nanotoxicolog
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Page 63 and 64: Smart Wound Dressing with Integrate
Page 65 and 66: Food Safety with the Help of a Mini
Page 68 and 69: NANOMEDICINE Peter Seitz Mandated b
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Page 77 and 78: Prediction of Neurocardiovascular E
Page 79 and 80: Continuous Arterial Blood Pressure
Page 81 and 82: UWB Antenna with Improved Bandwidth
Page 83 and 84: A Wireless Sensor Network for Fire
Page 85 and 86: A MAC Protocol for UWB-IR Wireless
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