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02 THE BASICS ∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞ Throughout the historical development of writing, characters beyond the basic alphabet have played an increasingly important role, starting with blank spaces between words, then punctuation marks, and later markup for formatting. In electronic texts, markup has developed into two general types: ‘What You See Is What You Get’ or visual-typographic (as in the markup tag ‘bold type’) vs. logical-semantic (as in the markup tag ‘emphasis’). Logical-semantic markup is the foundation of hybrid publishing, since it can be translated into whatever visual formatting is most suitable for each particular medium. One of the main advantages of electronic books is that the same content can be published in a wide variety of formats. 14
LAYOUT AND STRUCTURE OF A TEXT A text is a collection of words and words are composed of letters. In order to read a text, we make use of a variety of layout aids. The most simple and basic of these is the use of spaces between words. Classical Greek and Roman texts were written in what is called ‘continuous script’, without spaces, which was not considered a problem since reading was a craft which only a few people mastered. Gradually, an increasing number of design and layout aids were introduced: not only spaces between words but also capital letters at the beginning of sentences, line breaks, and a variety of punctuation marks such as commas, semicolons, colons and periods. 1 Also, concepts such as paragraphs and chapters developed into a standardized system that allowed the structure intended by the authors to be transmitted to readers familiar with these standards. In the electronic processing of texts, this hierarchical ordering of words into sentences, sentences into paragraphs and so on, as well as additional reading aids such bold or italic text, is made possible by using specific formatting codes. This process is called markup and the codes are called markup elements. It goes without saying that all these markup elements require stable definitions and clear relationships if they are to be of any use. In order to establish which markup is allowed and how it should be used, markup languages were defined. With the emergence of computer networks and the increasing need to standardize texts for multiple usages, an international ISO standard was defined in 1982, known as Standardized General Markup Language (SGML). This was an extremely important development, as it established a logical-semantic approach, in other words a strict division between the conceptual structure and formatting of the text, and the final visual representation of that structure and formatting. This is radically different from the ‘What You See Is What You Get’ (WYSIWYG) markup languages used in word processors such as Microsoft Word, WordPerfect or OpenOffice, where text which is marked up in a certain way (such as italic or bold) is immediately displayed that way, so that there is no visible distinction between the conceptual structure and the visual representation. SGML and its derivatives, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), used mainly in web design, and the expanded XML (Extensible Markup Language), allow instead for formatting concepts such as ‘emphasis’ or ‘strong 1 Guglielmo Cavallo and Roger Chartier (eds.), A History of Reading in the West, Polity Press 1999. 15
Page 1: FROM PRINT TO EBOOKS A HYBRID PUBLI
Page 4 and 5: COLOPHON AUTHORS DPT Collective, co
Page 6 and 7: 00 CONTENTS 01 INTRODUCTION Industr
Page 8 and 9: 01 INTRO- DUCTION ∞∞ ∞∞ ∞
Page 10 and 11: For art and design publishers, the
Page 12 and 13: WHO IS THIS TOOLKIT WRITTEN FOR You
Page 14 and 15: Rotterdam University of Applied Sci
Page 18 and 19: emphasis’, (rather than ‘italic
Page 20 and 21: POSSIBILITIES OFFERED BY ELECTRONIC
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Page 24 and 25: simple and straightforward way. Als
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Page 28 and 29: (Embedding a Custom Set of Metadata
Page 30 and 31: The publisher may make use of a con
Page 32 and 33: 04 TECHNO- LOGIES FOR ELECTRONIC RE
Page 34 and 35: E-readers E-readers became widely k
Page 36 and 37: ECOLOGIES PLATFORM OPERATING SYSTEM
Page 38 and 39: Aldiko Aldiko is both a storefront
Page 40 and 41: stored online. 8 However it does no
Page 42 and 43: e-readers. Finally, Amazon renamed
Page 44 and 45: 05 DISTRI- BUTION PLATFORMS ∞∞
Page 46 and 47: tions, freemium models, consigment
Page 48 and 49: SCRIBD CHARACTERISTICS • Large co
Page 50 and 51: LULU CHARACTERISTICS • Lulu is th
Page 52 and 53: WORDPRESS CHARACTERISTICS • Exter
Page 54 and 55: Social reading platforms Social rea
Page 56 and 57: PIRATE PLATFORMS: THE PIRATE BAY, L
Page 58 and 59: The most well-known of these is Ubu
Page 60 and 61: 06 GUIDE: HOW TO MAKE A SIMPLE EPUB
Page 62 and 63: For a better understanding of the f
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The ‘metadata’ section contains
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DO-IT-YOURSELF EPUB USING INDESIGN
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Styles One of the most powerful too
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Mapping styles to tags Though InDes
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a. Select the ‘EPUB and HTML’ o
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3. Choose Text Anchor from the ‘L
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Tables of contents Ebooks have two
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Metadata Metadata is information ab
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Checklist and export options Before
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DO-IT-YOURSELF EPUB USING PANDOC Pa
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8. Open the EPUB from the folder, o
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Enhancement utilities: Adobe Digita
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07 TOWARDS A HYBRID WORKFLOW BASED
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TRADITIONAL WORKFLOW text IMPORT .i
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finalize the publication. 1 The mos
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document. A graphic designer can qu
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Cleaning up Markdown Since Markdown
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1. Excellent software support. Ther
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Document conversion programs ∞∞
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08 GUIDE: HYBRID PUBLISHING FOR EAC
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When it comes to choosing a publica
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RESEARCH PUBLICATION .md .md .md im
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CATALOGUE PUBLICATION image image p
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∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞
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ARTISTS’ / DESIGNERS’ BOOK .mov
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∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞
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ART/DESIGN PERIODICAL WEBSITE HTML
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09 FUTUROLOGY ∞∞ ∞∞ ∞∞
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of a convergence between these two
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libraries could be the next on the
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10 SOFTWARE CATALOGUE ∞∞ A cata
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Make The GNU Make program helps to
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11 GLOSSARY 128
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AZW Presumably an acronym for ‘Am
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Database An organized, structured c
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Graphical User Interface (GUI) Soft
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L LaTeX A document markup language
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fields other than software developm
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scripting. A related concept is cli
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142 PARTICIPATING PARTNERS
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