23.02.2016 Views

CERCLE DIPLOMATIQUE - issue 01/2016

CD is an independent and impartial magazine and is the medium of communication between foreign representatives of international and UN-organisations based in Vienna and the Austrian political classes, business, culture and tourism. CD features up-to-date information about and for the diplomatic corps, international organisations, society, politics, business, tourism, fashion and culture. Furthermore CD introduces the new ambassadors in Austria and informs about designations, awards and top-events. Interviews with leading personalities, country reports from all over the world and the presentation of Austria as a host country complement the wide range oft he magazine.

CD is an independent and impartial magazine and is the medium of communication between foreign representatives of international and UN-organisations based in Vienna and the Austrian political classes, business, culture and tourism. CD features up-to-date information about and for the diplomatic corps, international organisations, society, politics, business, tourism, fashion and culture. Furthermore CD introduces the new ambassadors in Austria and informs about designations, awards and top-events. Interviews with leading personalities, country reports from all over the world and the presentation of Austria as a host country complement the wide range oft he magazine.

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

SAVOIR VIVRE CHRONICLE<br />

NACHGEFRAGT | ENQUIRED<br />

Univ.-Prof. (i. R.) Dr. Karl Vocelka & Mag. Michaela Vocelka<br />

Michaela Vocelka, Historikerin und Leiterin des Simon Wiesenthal Archiv und Karl Vocelka, langjähriger Vorstand des<br />

Instituts für Geschichte an der Universität Wien, sind Autoren einer 2<strong>01</strong>5 erschienenen Franz Joseph Biografie.<br />

Karl Vocelka ist zudem Kurator der aktuellen Ausstellung zum 100. Todestag des Kaisers in Schönbrunn, dem Hofmobiliendepot<br />

und Schloss Niederweiden. Michaela Vocelka, historian and director of the Simon Wiesenthal Archive and Karl<br />

Vocelka, longtime head of the Institute of History at the University of Vienna, are authors of a Franz Joseph biography<br />

published in 2<strong>01</strong>5. Karl Vocelka is also curator of the current exhibition to mark the centenary of the death of the Emperor<br />

at Schönbrunn, the Imperial Furniture Collection and Niederweiden castle.<br />

Sie haben gerade die Biografie „Franz Joseph I., Kaiser von Österreich und<br />

König von Ungarn“ veröffentlicht – was gibt es zur Person Franz Joseph noch<br />

Neues zu sagen?<br />

MICHAELA VOCELKA: Wir haben den vielen existierenden Publikationen eine Biografie<br />

gegenübergestellt, die auf kritischer Quellenanalyse basiert, mehr auf die Person Franz<br />

Josephs fokussiert und auch die Brüche seines Charakters aufzeigt – das ist, wenn man so<br />

will, das Neue an diesem Buch.<br />

Gelingt es der historischen Person Franz Joseph im Jubiläumsjahr 2<strong>01</strong>6 aus<br />

dem Schatten seiner populären Frau Sisi herauszutreten?<br />

MICHAELA VOCELKA: Kurzfristig wird es im Jubiläumsjahr vielleicht ein Übergewicht in<br />

der Beschäftigung mit Franz Joseph geben, aber langfristig ist Kaiserin Elisabeth<br />

sicherlich die medial interessantere Gestalt. Ihre ambivalente Persönlichkeit bietet sich<br />

an, sie als Projektionsfläche für verschiedene Zugänge der Gegenwart – die emanzipierte<br />

Frau, die sportliche Frau, die „Esoterikerin“ etc. – zu instrumentalisieren.<br />

Betrachtet man die Regierungszeit Franz Josephs, entsteht der Eindruck, dass<br />

er Konflikte eher auf militärischem als auf diplomatischem Weg zu lösen<br />

suchte.<br />

KARL VOCELKA: Man hat vor allem nach 1866 durchaus versucht, diplomatisch zu<br />

agieren. Besonders in der Balkanfrage, die allerdings unendlich komplex war. Daher auch<br />

die lange Zeit weitgehenden Friedens für die Habsburgermonarchie von 1866 bis 1914.<br />

Bei den großen Kriegen allerdings, die Franz Joseph führte – 1859 gegen Piemont-Sardinien<br />

und Frankreich und 1866 gegen Preußen und Italien – war der Kaiser schnell mit<br />

militärischen Entscheidungen zur Hand, die auf der Idee der Ehre der Monarchie und der<br />

Pflichterfüllung des Monarchen beruhten. Ein letztes Mal findet sich diese Argumentationsweise<br />

in der Kriegserklärung 1914.<br />

Abgesehen von seiner Jagdleidenschaft trat der Kaiser ja fast ausschließlich als<br />

pflichtbewusster, erster Beamter der Monarchie in Erscheinung – gab es die<br />

Privatperson Franz Joseph überhaupt?<br />

MICHAELA VOCELKA: Natürlich gab es auch private Phasen, etwa im Zusammenleben<br />

mit seiner Frau, später dann mit seinen Töchtern und Enkelkindern oder auf der Jagd, aber<br />

so richtig „auf Urlaub“ war der Kaiser nie. Auch in Bad Ischl, oder bei seinen Besuchen bei<br />

Elisabeth, wenn sie im Süden oder in der Schweiz war, wurden ihm per Kurier Akten<br />

nachgeschickt. Sein geradezu idealtypisches „beamtisches“ Pflichtbewusstsein und seine<br />

„Verantwortung“ für „seinen Staat“ waren ihm äußerst wichtig.<br />

Dann natürlich die Gretchenfrage zu Franz Joseph: Trägt der Kaiser mit seiner<br />

Unterschrift unter der Kriegserklärung die Verantwortung für den Ersten<br />

Weltkrieg? Oder anders gefragt: Gab es für Franz Joseph in dieser Situation<br />

überhaupt einen Handlungsspielraum?<br />

KARL VOCELKA: Die Frage der Kriegsschuld wurde im Jahr 2<strong>01</strong>4 intensiv diskutiert,<br />

wobei es an der Grundtatsache, dass alle europäischen Mächte den Krieg wollten, wenig<br />

zu rütteln gibt. Zweifellos hat allerdings Franz Joseph formal den Krieg erklärt und was<br />

den Handlungsspielraum anlangt, so hätte man auf die Beantwortung des Ultimatums<br />

durch Serbien durchaus auch anders reagieren können.<br />

You recently published the biography „Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King<br />

of Hungary“ – what new revelations can be made about Franz Joseph, the person?<br />

MICHAELA VOCELKA: Juxtaposed against many existing publications, our biography is<br />

based on critical source analysis and focuses more on the person Franz Joseph was,<br />

including his character flaws – this is, if you will, what is new in this book.<br />

Is it possible for the historical figure of Franz Joseph to step out of the shadow of<br />

his popular wife Sisi in the anniversary year 2<strong>01</strong>6?<br />

MICHAELA VOCELKA: In the short term, there might be an overabundance in the study of<br />

Franz Joseph during the anniversary year, but in the long term, Empress Elisabeth<br />

certainly attracts more media attention. Her ambivalent personality provides a projection<br />

angle for different approaches relevant to present time – the emancipated woman, the<br />

active and athletic woman, the esoteric woman, and so forth.<br />

When reviewing the reign of Franz Joseph, one is left with the impression that he<br />

sought to resolve conflicts through military rather than diplomatic actions.<br />

KARL VOCELKA: Especially after 1866, the diplomatic course of action was endeavoured.<br />

Particularly in the Balkan <strong>issue</strong> which was, however, infinitely complex. Hence the long<br />

duration of peace for the Habsburg Monarchy from 1866 to 1914. In the great wars,<br />

nevertheless, led by Franz Joseph – 1859 against Piedmont-Sardinia and France and 1866<br />

against Prussia and Italy – the Emperor was quick to take military action, based on the<br />

idea of honour of the monarchy and the duty of the monarch. This reasoning was used<br />

one last time in the declaration of war in 1914.<br />

Aside from his passion for hunting, the Emperor mostly appeared to be a<br />

conscientious chief official of the monarchy – was there a private Franz Joseph<br />

at all?<br />

MICHAELA VOCELKA: Of course there were also private phases, such as daily life with his<br />

wife, and later with his daughters and grandchildren or on hunting trips, but the Emperor<br />

was never really „on vacation“. Even in Bad Ischl, or during his visits to Elisabeth when she<br />

was in the South or in Switzerland, files were forwarded to him by courier. His almost<br />

typical sense of duty and responsibility for „his state“ were extremely important to him.<br />

Now of course the crucial question regarding Franz Joseph: is the Emperor<br />

responsible for the First World War with his signing of the declaration of war? Or<br />

to put it another way: was there any room for manoeuvre for Franz Joseph in this<br />

situation at all?<br />

KARL VOCELKA: The <strong>issue</strong> of guilt was extensively discussed in 2<strong>01</strong>4, whereas the basic<br />

fact that all of the European powers wanted the war is certain. Undoubtedly, it was Franz<br />

Joseph who formally declared war and as the room for manoeuvre is concerned, it might<br />

certainly have been possible to react differently to the reply by Serbia regarding the<br />

ultimatum.<br />

PHOTOS: PRIVAT, ÖSTERREICHISCHE NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK<br />

constrictions of the Viennese Court soon after the birth<br />

of their children.<br />

Viennese splendour<br />

The Ringstrasse, the most important building project<br />

during his reign, is still associated with Franz<br />

Joseph. His name is displayed in large gold letters on the<br />

Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museum of Art History)<br />

and the Naturhistorisches Museum (Natural History<br />

Museum). During the long period of peace after the<br />

unfortunate wars against Prussia and Italy, Vienna improved<br />

its status with its new prestigious boulevard and<br />

became an important metropolis. Franz Joseph became<br />

the unifying figure of the economically flourishing monarchy<br />

residing on the Danube although he had no<br />

long-term solution on how to deal with the growing<br />

nationalisms and autonomous aspirations of the different<br />

parts of the multinational state, the social problems<br />

and the demands of the citizens for more participation.<br />

The Emperor had more of a “non-solution in mind”, as<br />

Karl Vocelka notes. The grievance of the 23-year old<br />

Crown Prince Rudolf in a letter to Count Latour in<br />

1881 is telling when taken in this context, “I can see the<br />

slope upon which we are sliding downwards, am very<br />

close to things but cannot do anything, am not even<br />

allowed to open my mouth ...” The Emperor, however,<br />

not only survived his liberally minded son who took his<br />

life in Mayerling, but also his nephew, Franz Ferdinand,<br />

who moved up as successor to the throne and whose<br />

assassination in Sarajevo in 1914 was to have far-reaching<br />

consequences. Austria-Hungary drifted into the<br />

catastrophe of the First World War and eventually to its<br />

fall. When Franz Joseph died on 2 November in 1916 at<br />

the ripe old age of 86, it was for many not only the Emperor<br />

but also his kingdom they carried to the grave.<br />

Franz Joseph‘s death undoubtedly brought an era to an<br />

end. And it was plain to see that only a new political<br />

system could rise out of the rubble of the war.<br />

Franz Joseph I reigned over Austria-Hungary for so<br />

long that even today the word “Kaiser” is synonymous<br />

with him. The centenary provides the opportunity for<br />

a critical debate on the penultimate monarch of the<br />

Habsburg dynasty, whose biography shows the political<br />

and social developments and failings of the 19th<br />

and the beginning of the 20th century in Central Europe<br />

like no other.<br />

Franz Joseph I. (1861, Ludwig Angerer).<br />

Denken Sie beim<br />

Klima schlau !<br />

Damit wir unser Klima schützen, druckt<br />

Berger CO 2 - neutral und trägt stolz das<br />

Österreichische Umweltzeichen und das<br />

EU-Ecolabel. Senden Sie uns Ihre<br />

Druckanfrage mit einem guten Gefühl!<br />

BUCHTIPP / BOOK TIP:<br />

Michaela Vocelka / Karl Vocelka<br />

FRANZ JOSEPH I. KAISER VON ÖSTERREICH UND KÖNIG VON UNGARN 1830-1916.<br />

Eine Biografie. C. H. Beck Verlag, 2<strong>01</strong>5. 458 Seiten mit 41 Abbildungen<br />

Michaela Vocelka / Karl Vocelka<br />

Franz Joseph I Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary 1830-1916.<br />

A Biography. C. H. Beck Publishers, 2<strong>01</strong>5. 458 pages with 41 pictures.<br />

Ferdinand Berger & Söhne GmbH<br />

Horn | +43 (0) 2982 4161 - 0<br />

Wien | +43 (0) 1 31335 - 0<br />

Vertretungen:<br />

OÖ | Tirol | Stmk.<br />

www.berger.at<br />

122 Cercle Diplomatique 1/2<strong>01</strong>6

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!