Hormones 2016

Methods of Delivery or Administration
Heart disease risk - increases after menopause, although it is unclear
exactly how much is due to aging and how much is caused by the
hormonal changes that occur at the time of menopause. Women
who undergo premature menopause or have their ovaries removed
surgically at an early age are at an increased risk of heart disease.
Weight gain - A three year study of healthy women nearing menopause
found an average gain of five pounds during the three years.
Hormonal changes and aging are both possible factors in this weight
gain (Stoppler and Shiel Jr, 2014).
Hot flushes
Your first hot flush can be a startling experience. It may begin like a
headache, with a pressure in the head, or as a sudden sensation of intense
warmth. The "flush" increases in intensity until a feeling of heat or burning
occurs in the face, neck, and chest. Your skin may redden and increase
in temperature by as much as seven degrees. You may feel an urgent
need to remove a sweater, jacket, or nightgown, and cool yourself by
grabbing for a fan, throwing off the bedcovers, or standing by an open
window. An outbreak of sweating, particularly affecting the upper body,
may immediately follow the hot flush. Sweating cools down the skin
temperature, causing you to have the shivers. Less common symptoms
which may accompany a hot flush include palpitations, weakness, fatigue,
faintness, and vertigo.
Hot flushes vary in frequency, intensity, and duration for every individual
expereincing them. The average length of a hot flush is 4 minutes, though
it can last from a moment to as long as 10 minutes. Frequency varies from 1
to 2 an hour to 1 to 2 a week (WebMD, 2014d) (Healthwise-Staff, 2013).
Hot flash or hot flush?
A "hot flush" is a UK variant of English, whereas a "hot flash" is North
American. In this situation both are right, and are used interchangeably.
Methods of Delivery or Administration
In descending order of approximate efficiency in delivery into the
bloodstream.
Intramuscular injection - 100% efficient
Transdermal (patch, gel, or cream) - 90%
Sublingual or nasal spray - 80%
Oral - 10% (unknown, 2014e)
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