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THE RENAL TRACT 191 B A C Figure 7.30 (A) Pulsatile venous waveform is seen as a result of a small arteriovenous fistula following biopsy procedure. (B) This renal artery aneurysm appears cystic on grey-scale. (C) Colour Doppler demonstrates arterial flow. Ciclosporin nephrotoxicity The toxic nature of the immonosuppressive regime requires the dose to be very carefully adjusted. There may be increased Doppler resistance, as for acute tubular necrosis, but normally indices remain unaffected. Histology is required to confirm the diagnosis, or a clinical improvement following reduction or withdrawal of the immunosuppressive agent. Figure 7.31 Fungal ball in the dilated PCS. Renal transplant dysfunction and Doppler correlation Doppler correlation with the different types of renal graft dysfunction is not possible. However, by taking the clinical picture into account it is possible to differentiate these situations. (Table 7.4).
192 ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND References 1. Burge HJ, Middleton WD, McClennan BL et al. 1991 Ureteral jets in healthy subjects and in patients with unilateral ureteral calculi: comparison with color Doppler US. Radiology 180: 437–442. 2. Brkljacic B, Drinkovic I, Delic-Brkljacic D, Hebrang A. 1995 Age-related changes of renal vascular resistance in normal native kidneys: colour duplex Doppler ultrasound assessment. Radiology and Oncology 29: 102–106. 3. Heinz-Peer G, Schoder M, Rand T, Mayer G, Mostbeck GH. 1995 Prevalence of acquired cystic kidney disease and tumours in native kidneys of renal transplant recipients: a prospective study. Radiology 195: 667–671. 4. Levine E. 1996 Acquired cystic kidney disease. Radiologic Clinics of North America 34: 947–964. 5. Siegel CL, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, McClennan BL. 1996 Angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma: US differentiation. Radiology 198: 789–793. 6. Curry NS, Schabel SI, Betsill WL. 1986 Small renal neoplasms: diagnostic imaging, pathologic features and clinical course. Radiology 158: 113–117. 7. Licht MR. 1995 Renal adenoma and oncocytoma. Seminars in Urologic Oncology 13: 262–266. 8. Bosniak MA, Birnbaum BA, Krinsky GA, Waisman J. 1996 Small renal parenchymal neoplasms: further observations on growth. Radiology 197: 589–597. 9. Jamis-Dow CA, Choyke PL, Jennings SB et al. 1996 Small (< 3 cm) renal masses: detection with CT versus US and pathologic correlation. Radiology 198: 785–788. 10. Deyoe LA, Cronan JJ, Breslaw BH, Ridlen MS. 1995 New techniques of ultrasound and color Doppler in the prospective evaluation of acute renal obstruction. Do they replace the intravenous urogram? Abdominal Imaging 20: 58–63. 11. Smith RC, Essenmacher KR, Rosenfield AT, Choe KA, Glickman M. 1995 Acute flank pain: comparison of non-contrast CT and IVU. Radiology 194: 789–794. 12. Rodgers PM, Bates JA, Irving HC. 1992 Intrarenal Doppler ultrasound studies in normal and acutely obstructed kidneys. British Journal of Radiology 65: 207–212. 13. Miletic D, Fuckar Z, Sustic A et al. 1998 Resistance and pulsatility indices in acute renal obstruction. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 26: 79–84. 14. Hak-JL, Seung HK, Yoong KJ, Kyung MY. 1996 Doppler sonographic resistive index in obstructed kidneys. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 15/9: 613–618. 15. Cronan JJ. 1991 Contemporary concepts in imaging urinary tract obstruction. Radiologic Clinics of North America 29: 527–542. 16. Haddad MC, Sharif HS, Shahed MS et al. 1992 Renal colic: diagnosis and outcome. Radiology 184: 83–88. 17. Zagoria RJ, Khatod EG, Chen MYM. 2001 Abdominal radiography after CT reveals urinary calculi: a method to predict usefulness of abdominal radiography on the basis of size and CT attenuation of calculi. American Journal of Roentgenology 176(5): 1117–1122. 18. Li Y, Zhang Y. 1996 Diagnosis and treatment of acute focal bacterial nephritis. Chinese Medical Journal 109: 168–172. 19. Page JE, Morgan SH, Eastwood JB et al. 1994 Ultrasound findings in renal parenchymal disease: comparison with histological appearances. Clinical Radiology 49: 867–870. 20. Strandness DE. 1994 Natural history of renal artery stenosis. American Journal of Kidney Disease 24: 630–635. 21. Olin JW, Piedmonte MR, Young JR et al. 1995 The utility of duplex ultrasound scanning of the renal arteries for diagnosing significant renal artery stenosis. Annals of Internal Medicine 122: 833–838. 22. Baxter GM, Aitchison F, Sheppard D et al. 1996 Colour Doppler ultrasound in renal artery stenosis: intrarenal waveform analysis. British Journal of Radiology 69/825: 810–815. 23. Bude RO, Rubin JM, Platt JF et al. 1994 Pulsus tardus: its cause and potential limitations in detection of arterial stenosis. Radiology 190: 779–784. 24. Witz M, Kantarovsky A, Morag B, Shifin EG. 1996 Renal vein occlusion: a review. Journal of Urology 155: 1173–1179. 25. MacLennan AC, Baxter GM, Harden P, Rowe PA. 1995 Renal transplant vein occlusion: an early diagnostic sign? Clinical Radiology 50/4: 251–253. 26. Hamilton D. 1987 Alexis Carrel and the early days of tissue transplantation. Transplant Review 2: 1–15. 27. Murray JE, Merrill JP, Harrison JH. 1958 Kidney transplantation between seven pairs of identical twins. Annals of Surgery 148: 343–359. 28. Starzl TE. 1964 Experience in Renal Transplantation. Saunders, Philadelphia. 29. Calne RY, White DJG, Thiru S et al. 1978 Ciclosporin A in patients receiving renal allografts from cadaveric donors. Lancet ii: 1323–1327. 30. Kashi SH, Irving HC. 1993 Improving the evaluation of renal transplant collecting system dilatation by
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Abdominal Ultrasound
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Abdominal Ultrasound How, Why and W
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v Contents Contributors Preface ix
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vii Contributors Rosemary Arthur FR
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ix Preface Ultrasound continues to
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ABBREVIATIONS xi MHA MHV MI MPV MRA
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Chapter 1 1 Optimizing the diagnost
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OPTIMIZING THE DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATI
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Chapter 2 17 The normal hepatobilia
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THE NORMAL HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM 19
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Chapter 3 41 Pathology of the gallb
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PATHOLOGY OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BI
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Chapter 4 79 Pathology of the liver
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PATHOLOGY OF THE LIVER AND PORTAL V
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Chapter 5 121 The pancreas CHAPTER
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THE PANCREAS 123 the patient’s le
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THE PANCREAS 125 Acute pancreatitis
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THE PANCREAS 127 E F G Figure 5.3 c
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A C DISTANCE = 3.43 CM 5%. 13 Over
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THE PANCREAS 131 G H I Figure 5.5 c
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THE PANCREAS 133 head of pancreas.
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THE PANCREAS 135 pancreatic juice i
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Chapter 6 137 The spleen and lympha
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THE SPLEEN AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 139
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Page 170 and 171: THE RENAL TRACT 157 A B q 0 LRA AO
Page 172 and 173: THE RENAL TRACT 159 junctions of or
Page 174 and 175: THE RENAL TRACT 161 A B Figure 7.5
Page 176 and 177: THE RENAL TRACT 163 carcinomas, the
Page 178 and 179: THE RENAL TRACT 165 the vesicourete
Page 180 and 181: THE RENAL TRACT 167 Table 7.1 Sourc
Page 182 and 183: THE RENAL TRACT 169 A B Figure 7.13
Page 184 and 185: THE RENAL TRACT 171 Table 7.2 Diffe
Page 186 and 187: THE RENAL TRACT 173 Ultrasound stil
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Page 190 and 191: THE RENAL TRACT 177 Xanthogranuloma
Page 192 and 193: THE RENAL TRACT 179 As with acute t
Page 194 and 195: THE RENAL TRACT 181 der with increa
Page 196 and 197: THE RENAL TRACT 183 ● ● Morphol
Page 198 and 199: THE RENAL TRACT 185 ● ● hydrone
Page 200 and 201: THE RENAL TRACT 187 A Figure 7.27 A
Page 202 and 203: THE RENAL TRACT 189 vascular reject
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Page 208 and 209: Chapter 8 195 The retroperitoneum a
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 241 system i
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Chapter 10 The acute abdomen 243 CH
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THE ACUTE ABDOMEN 245 scan of the p
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THE ACUTE ABDOMEN 247 LIVER LS GB S
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THE ACUTE ABDOMEN 249 D A RT B C E
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THE ACUTE ABDOMEN 251 17. Patlas M,
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Chapter 11 253 Interventional and o
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INTERVENTIONAL AND OTHER TECHNIQUES
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275 Bibliography and further readin
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277 Index A Abdomen, acute gastroin
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INDEX 279 Continuous ambulatory per
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INDEX 281 Intravenous urography (IV
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INDEX 283 Phrygian cap, 29 Pneumobi
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