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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 241 system in cystic fibrosis. Archives of Diseases of Childhood 59: 923–926. 4. McEvoy CF, Suchy FJ. 1996 Biliary tract disease in children. Pediatric Gastroenterology 43: 75–98. 5. Farrant P, Meire HB, Mieli-Vergani G. 2000 Ultrasound features of the gallbladder in infants presenting with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. British Journal of Radiology 73: 1154–1158. 6. Kim SH, Lim JH, Yoon HK et al. 2000 Choledochal cyst: comparison of MR and conventional cholangiography. Clinical Radiology 55 (5): 378–383. 7. Siegel MJ. 2002 Gallbladder and biliary tract. In: Siegel M (ed.) Pediatric Sonography. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 275–304. 8. Takano H, Smith WL. 1997 Gastrointestinal tumors of childhood. Radiologic Clinics of North America 35: 1367–1389. 9. Buetow PC, Rao P, Marshall WH. 1997 Imaging of paediatric liver tumours. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America 5: 397–413. 10. Boon LM, Burrows PE, Patiel HJ et al. 1996 Hepatic vascular anomalies in infancy: a twenty-seven year experience. Journal of Paediatrics 129: 3346–3354. 11. Siegel MJ, Martin KW, Worthington JL. 1987 Normal and abnormal pancreas in children: US studies. Radiology 165: 15–18. 12. Han BK, Babcock DS. 1985 Sonographic measurements and appearances of normal kidneys in children. American Journal of Roentgenology 145: 611–616. 13. Ferrer FA, McKenna PH, Bauer B, Miller SF. 1997 Accuracy of renal ultrasound measurements for predicting actual kidney size. Journal of Urology 157: 2278–2281. 14. Bisset GS, Strife JL. 1987 The duplex collecting system in girls with urinary tract infection prevalence and significance. American Journal of Roentgenology 148: 497–500. 15. Assael BM, Guez S, Marra G et al. 1998 Congenital reflux nephropathy: a follow-up of 108 cases diagnosed perinatally. British Journal of Urology 82: 252–257. 16. Tibballs JM, De Bruyn R. 1996 Primary vesicoureteric reflux: how useful is postnatal ultrasound? Archives of Diseases of Childhood 75: 444–478. 17. Zerin JM, Ritchey ML, Chang CCH. 1993 Incidental vesicoureteral reflux in neonates with antenatally detected hydronephrosis and other renal abnormalities. Radiology 187: 157–160. 18. Mackenzie S. 2001 Radiological investigation of paediatric UTI. Imaging 13(4): 285–294. 19. Dacher JN, Pfister C, Monroc M, Eurin D, Ledosseur P. 1996 Power Doppler sonographic pattern of acute pyelonephritis in children: comparison with CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 166: 1451–1455. 20. Ritchey ML, Green DM, Breslow NB et al. 1995 Accuracy of current imaging modalities in the diagnosis of synchronous bilateral Wilms’ tumour: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumour Study Group. Cancer 75: 600–604. 21. Scott D J, Wallace WHB, Hendry GMA. 1999 With advances in medical imaging can the radiologist reliably diagnose Wilms’ tumours? Clinical Radiology 54: 321–327. 22. Abramson SJ. 1997 Adrenal neoplasms in children. Radiologic Clinics of North America 35 (6): 1415–1453. 23. Felc Z. 1995 Ultrasound in screening for neonatal adrenal haemorrhage. American Journal of Perinatology 12: 363–366. 24. Steffens J, Zaubitzer T, Kirsch W, Humke U. 1997 Neonatal adrenal abscesses. European Journal of Urology 31: 347–349. 25. John SD. 1999 Trends in pediatric emergency imaging. Radiologic Clinics of North America 37: 995–1007. 26. Godbole P, Sprigg A, Dickson JAS, Lin PC. 1996 Ultrasound compared with clinical examination in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Archives of Diseases of Childhood 75: 335–337. 27. Morrison SC. 1997 Controversies in abdominal imaging. Pediatric Clinics of North America 44: 555–574. 28. Stunden RJ, LeQuesne GW, Little KE. 1986 The improved ultrasound diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Pediatric Radiology 16: 200–205. 29. O’Keefe FN, Stansberry SD, Swischuk LE et al. 1991 Antropyloric muscle thickness at ultrasound in infants: what is normal? Radiology 187: 827–830. 30. Verschelden P, Filiatrault D, Garel L et al. 1992 Intussusception in children: reliability of US in diagnosis – a prospective study. Pediatric Radiology 184: 741–744. 31. Chan KL, Saing H, Peh WCG et al. 1997 Childhood intussusception: ultrasound-guided Hartmann’s solution, hydrostatic reduction or barium enema reduction? Journal of Pediatric Surgery 32: 3–6. 32. Britton I, Wilkinson AG. 1999 Ultrasound features of intussusception predicting outcome of air enema. Pediatric Radiology 29: 705–710. 33. Zerin JM, DiPietro MA. 1992 Superior mesenteric vascular anatomy at US in patients with surgically proved malrotation of the midgut. Radiology 183: 693–694.
242 ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND 34. Pracros P, Sann L, Genin G et al. 1992 Ultrasound diagnosis of midgut volvulus: the ‘whirlpool’ sign. Pediatric Radiology 22: 18–20. 35. Siegal MJ. 1995 Appendicitis in childhood: usefullness of ultrasound in diagnosis. Paediatric Surgery International 10: 62–67. 36. Pena BM, Taylor GA, Fishman SJ et al. 2002 Effect of an imaging protocol on clinical outcomes among pediatric patients with appendicitis. Pediatrics 110: 1088–1093. 37. Quillan SP, Siegel MJ, Coffin CM. 1992 Acute appendicitis in children: value of sonography in detecting perforation. American Journal of Roentgenology 159: 1265–1268. 38. Segal SR, Sherman NH, Rosenberg HK et al. 1994 Ultrasonic features of gastrointestinal duplications. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 13: 863–870. General reading 1. Carty H, Brunelle F, Shaw D, Kendall B. 1994 Imaging Children. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. 2. Siegel MJ. 2002 Pediatric Sonography, 3rd edn. Lippincott/Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 3. Stringer DA, Babyn PS. 2000 Pediatric Gastrointestinal Imaging and Intervention. BC Decker, Ontario.
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Abdominal Ultrasound
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Abdominal Ultrasound How, Why and W
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v Contents Contributors Preface ix
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vii Contributors Rosemary Arthur FR
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ix Preface Ultrasound continues to
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ABBREVIATIONS xi MHA MHV MI MPV MRA
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Chapter 1 1 Optimizing the diagnost
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OPTIMIZING THE DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATI
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Chapter 2 17 The normal hepatobilia
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THE NORMAL HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM 19
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Chapter 3 41 Pathology of the gallb
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PATHOLOGY OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BI
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Chapter 4 79 Pathology of the liver
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PATHOLOGY OF THE LIVER AND PORTAL V
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Chapter 5 121 The pancreas CHAPTER
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THE PANCREAS 123 the patient’s le
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THE PANCREAS 125 Acute pancreatitis
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THE PANCREAS 127 E F G Figure 5.3 c
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A C DISTANCE = 3.43 CM 5%. 13 Over
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THE PANCREAS 131 G H I Figure 5.5 c
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THE PANCREAS 133 head of pancreas.
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THE PANCREAS 135 pancreatic juice i
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Chapter 6 137 The spleen and lympha
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THE SPLEEN AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 139
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Chapter 7 153 The renal tract CHAPT
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THE RENAL TRACT 155 As with any oth
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THE RENAL TRACT 157 A B q 0 LRA AO
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THE RENAL TRACT 159 junctions of or
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THE RENAL TRACT 161 A B Figure 7.5
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THE RENAL TRACT 163 carcinomas, the
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THE RENAL TRACT 165 the vesicourete
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THE RENAL TRACT 167 Table 7.1 Sourc
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THE RENAL TRACT 169 A B Figure 7.13
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THE RENAL TRACT 171 Table 7.2 Diffe
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THE RENAL TRACT 173 Ultrasound stil
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THE RENAL TRACT 175 CT is useful fo
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THE RENAL TRACT 177 Xanthogranuloma
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THE RENAL TRACT 179 As with acute t
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THE RENAL TRACT 181 der with increa
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THE RENAL TRACT 183 ● ● Morphol
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THE RENAL TRACT 185 ● ● hydrone
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THE RENAL TRACT 187 A Figure 7.27 A
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THE RENAL TRACT 189 vascular reject
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Page 268 and 269: INTERVENTIONAL AND OTHER TECHNIQUES
Page 288 and 289: 275 Bibliography and further readin
Page 290 and 291: 277 Index A Abdomen, acute gastroin
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Page 294 and 295: INDEX 281 Intravenous urography (IV
Page 296 and 297: INDEX 283 Phrygian cap, 29 Pneumobi
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