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INDEX 283 Phrygian cap, 29 Pneumobilia, 72–3, 73 Polycystic disease, 134, 144, 161, 224–5 Polycystic liver, 81–2 Polyps, 53, 53, 54 Polyps, gallbladder, 28 Porcelain gallbladder, 50, 51 Portal hypertension free intraperitoneal fluid, 111 general information, 99–105 management of, 105–6 splenomegaly in, 139, 139, 217 ultrasound appearances, 100, 102 Portal vein anastomosis, 114 flow, 99–103 liver transplants, 115 portal venous system, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 27 thrombosis, 111–12, 127, 248 Positioning the patient, 18 Post-processing options, 3 Postoperative bile collection, 49 Postsurgical CBD dilation, 66–7 Power Doppler diagnosing cholecystitis, 54 general information, 4 liver transplant, 114 of the hepatic vein confluence, 5 thermal effects of, 11 Pre-eclampsia, 109–10 Pregnancy, liver conditions in, 109–10 Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 97, 98, 111, 112 Primary gallbladder carcinoma, 73, 73 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), 67–8, 68, 69, 107, 111, 112 Probe number, 7 Processing options, 2 Prostate enlargement, 167 Pseudoaneurysm, 148, 189 Pseudocysts, 125, 126, 132, 248, 248 Psoas abscesses, 250 Pulsed Doppler, 5, 11 Pyelonephritis, 174–5, 176, 248 Pyogenic abscess, 83, 83 Pyonephrosis, 167, 169, 169 Q Quality assurance, 13–15 Quality of the image, 1–2 R Radio frequency (RF) thermal ablation, 269 Radioisotope scans, 158 Radionuclide cystography, 229 Recording of images, 9–10 Rectal cancers, 210 Referral patterns for hepatobiliary ultrasound, 33–9 Reflectivity, 44, 111 Reflux, 170, 225, 227, 238 Reidel’s lobe, 36 Rejection, transplant, 117, 185–6, 186 Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 163–4 Renal tract see Kidneys Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) causes of renal tract obstruction, 167 general information, 180–1, 191 hydronephrosis, 168–9 in neonates, 231, 231–2 ultrasound appearances, 181, 190 Retroperitoneum abdominal aorta, 195–9 adrenal glands, 201–6 gastrointestinal tract, 206–11 inferior vena cava, 199–201 normal anatomy of, 195 other abnormalities in, 212–13 Rhabdomyosarcomas, 219–20, 234 Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses, 51, 52 Rupture, organ, 244 S Safety indices, 11 Safety of diagnostic ultrasound, 10–12 Schemes of work, 13 Sclerosing cholangitis, 60, 218 Secondary biliary cirrhosis, 98–9 Sepsis, 139 Septum, gallbladder, 29 Shadowing, gallstones, 42–4, 42–4 Sickle cell disease, 139, 146 Simple cysts, 79–80, 80 Skills of the operator, 17 Small gallbladder, 49–50 Small spleen, 139–40 Soft tissue thermal index (TIS), 11 Spectral Doppler, 115, 169 Spectral waveform, 5–6 Spherocytosis, 139, 146 Sphincter dysfunction, 271 Spleen abscess, 145 benign splenic conditions, 143–8 calcification, 145, 145–6 cysts, 144, 144 enlarged paediatric, 217 full abdominal survey, 17 haemangioma, 145 laceration of, 245 lymphoma, 141, 142 malignant splenic disease, 141–3 metastases, 141–2, 143 normal, 137–9, 138 rupture of the, 244 small accessory spleen, 139–40 splenic artery aneurysm, 147–8 splenic infarction, 146, 147 splenic vein thrombosis, 127, 146–7, 248 splenomegaly, 103, 139, 139, 140, 146 splenunculi, 139–41 trauma, 148 Staghorn calculi, 173 Steatosis, 95–7 Stenosis, 114 Stomach, 206 Stones bladder, 249 gallbladder, 28, 30, 247 (see also Gallstones) renal, 167, 171–3, 172 struvite, 171 Strawberry gallbladder, 53–4, 54 Stricture, renal tract, 167 Struvite stones, 171 Sub-scanning, 18 T Techniques, ultrasound adrenal glands, 201 bile ducts, 33 paediatric abdomen, 215–16 pancreas, 121–3 renal tract, 154–7 upper-abdominal, 18 Teratomas, 213 Thalassaemia, 139, 146 Thermal effects of ultrasound, 11 Thermal Index (TI), 11 Thin patients, 30 Thrombosis misinterpretation of results, 6 portal vein, 100, 101, 111–12, 127
284 INDEX Thrombosis (Continued) renal vein thrombosis (RVT) causes of renal tract obstruction, 167 general information, 180–1, 189 hydronephrosis, 168–9 in neonates, 231, 231–2 ultrasound appearances, 181, 190 splenic, 127, 248 thrombosed vessels, 5–6 Time gain compensation (TGC), 28, 96 Tissue Harmonic Imaging, 2, 4, 18, 28 Tissue-mimicking phantom, 14 TORCH screen, 88 Toxic shock syndrome, 111 Transitional cell carcinomas, 164–5, 165, 166 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), 105, 105–6, 106 Transplants hepatic, 110–17 pancreatic, 135 renal, 182–91, 183, 184 Trauma abdomen, 244–5 pancreatic, 125, 134–5 renal, 182 splenic, 148 Tuberculosis, 111, 167, 175 Tuberose sclerosis, 163 Tubular necrosis, acute (ATN), 177–8, 189 Tumours bladder, 4 hepatic, 268–9 malignant bowel, 210–11 renal, 167 tumour seeding, 261 vascular, 220 see also specific tumour U Ulcerative colitis, 209 Ultrasound contrast agents, 266–8, 268, 269 Ultrasound-guided biopsy complications, 261 general considerations, 253–7 procedures, 257–61 Ultrasound-guided drainage, 261–4 Upgradability of machines, 8 Upper-abdominal anatomy, 36–9, 36–9 Upper-abdominal technique, 18 Ureteric obstruction, 248 Urethral stricture, 167 Uric acid stones, 171 Urinary tract, 221–32, 248 see also Kidneys Urine tests for renal function, 157 Urinomas, 187 V Varices, 103 Vascular abnormalities of the spleen, 146–8 Vascular occlusion, 187 Vascular pathology, renal, 179–82 Vascular tumours, 220 VATER syndrome, 224 Veins see specific vein Vesico-ureteric junction, 170 Vesicoureteric reflux, 226–9 Vessel occlusion, 6, 6 Viral hepatitis, 96, 106 Volvulus, 236–7, 237 Von Hippel–Lindau disease, 221 W Wilms’ tumour, 220, 229–30, 230–1, 231, 234 Wilson’s disease, 99 Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD), 8, 12 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB), 10 X X-ray, 229 Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP), 177, 177, 230–1, 231
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Abdominal Ultrasound
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Abdominal Ultrasound How, Why and W
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v Contents Contributors Preface ix
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vii Contributors Rosemary Arthur FR
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ix Preface Ultrasound continues to
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ABBREVIATIONS xi MHA MHV MI MPV MRA
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Chapter 1 1 Optimizing the diagnost
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OPTIMIZING THE DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATI
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Chapter 2 17 The normal hepatobilia
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THE NORMAL HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM 19
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Chapter 3 41 Pathology of the gallb
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PATHOLOGY OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BI
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Chapter 4 79 Pathology of the liver
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PATHOLOGY OF THE LIVER AND PORTAL V
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Chapter 5 121 The pancreas CHAPTER
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THE PANCREAS 123 the patient’s le
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THE PANCREAS 125 Acute pancreatitis
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THE PANCREAS 127 E F G Figure 5.3 c
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A C DISTANCE = 3.43 CM 5%. 13 Over
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THE PANCREAS 131 G H I Figure 5.5 c
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THE PANCREAS 133 head of pancreas.
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THE PANCREAS 135 pancreatic juice i
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Chapter 6 137 The spleen and lympha
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THE SPLEEN AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 139
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Chapter 7 153 The renal tract CHAPT
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THE RENAL TRACT 155 As with any oth
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THE RENAL TRACT 157 A B q 0 LRA AO
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THE RENAL TRACT 159 junctions of or
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THE RENAL TRACT 161 A B Figure 7.5
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THE RENAL TRACT 163 carcinomas, the
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THE RENAL TRACT 165 the vesicourete
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THE RENAL TRACT 167 Table 7.1 Sourc
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THE RENAL TRACT 169 A B Figure 7.13
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THE RENAL TRACT 171 Table 7.2 Diffe
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THE RENAL TRACT 173 Ultrasound stil
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THE RENAL TRACT 175 CT is useful fo
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THE RENAL TRACT 177 Xanthogranuloma
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THE RENAL TRACT 179 As with acute t
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THE RENAL TRACT 181 der with increa
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THE RENAL TRACT 183 ● ● Morphol
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THE RENAL TRACT 185 ● ● hydrone
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THE RENAL TRACT 187 A Figure 7.27 A
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THE RENAL TRACT 189 vascular reject
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THE RENAL TRACT 191 B A C Figure 7.
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THE RENAL TRACT 193 computerised ul
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Chapter 8 195 The retroperitoneum a
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THE RETROPERITONEUM AND GASTROINTES
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Chapter 9 215 The paediatric abdome
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 217 A B SPLE
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 219 B A B Fi
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 221 probe de
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 223 When the
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 225 + 78 A 2
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 227 A B C D
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 229 Table 9.
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THE PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN 231 A LT B C
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