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280 INDEX
Gallbladder (Continued)
blood in the, 72
carcinoma, 50, 73, 73
cholecystitis (see Main entry)
cholelithiasis, 41–8
contracted or small, 49–50, 50
double, 31
drainage of, 262
echogenic bile, 71–3
ectopic, 30
enlargement of the, 48–9
folded, 29, 30, 31
frequency settings for, 2, 5, 27, 30
full abdominal survey, 17
hyperplastic conditions of the
wall, 51–4
in children, 216
in the obese patient, 4
inflammatory gallbladder disease,
54–8
introduction, 27–9
malignant biliary disease, 73–6
metastases, 76
microgallbladder, 50, 51, 216, 217
mucocoele, 48
normal variants of the, 29
obstruction without biliary
dilation, 67
obstructive jaundice and biliary
duct dilation, 58–66
other biliary diseases, 67–71
pitfalls in scanning the, 29–31
polyps, 28
porcelain, 50, 51
removal (see Cholecystectomy)
septum, 29
stones (see Gallstones)
strawberry, 53–4, 54
ultrasound appearances, 31, 32
Gallstones
abdominal pain, 36, 248
chronic cholecystitis, 56
clinical features, 41–2
gallstone pancreatitis, 47, 246
general information, 42–5
in the common bile duct, 45–7
small gallbladder, 50
ultrasound appearances, 42, 51
Gangrenous cholecystitis, 57–8, 59
Gas, bowel, 29, 63, 212, 223
Gastric carcinoma, 208
Gastrinomas, 128
Gastro-oesophageal reflux, 238
Gastrointestinal tract
acute presentations of, 245–6
appendix, 206–7
inflammatory bowel conditions,
209–10
malignant tumours, 210
mesenteric ischaemia, 207–9
obstruction, 211
oesophagus and stomach, 206
paediatric, 232–40
Gilbert’s disease, 96
Glomerulonephritis, 178–9
Glycogen storage disease, 99
Granulomatas, 88, 90, 95, 146
Guidance, biopsy, 255
Guidelines, departmental, 13
H
Haemangioblastomas, 134
Haemangioendotheliomas, 220
Haemangiomas, 3, 85–6, 85–6, 95,
145
Haemangiomatas, 219
Haematomas
complications of biopsy, 258, 261
hepatic, 84, 84–5, 96, 116
psoas, 250, 250
renal, 187
subcapsular, 245
subphrenic, 117
Haematuria, 182
Haemo-hydronephrosis, 168–9
Haemobilia, 72
Haemochromatosis, 99, 221
Haemodynamics, 25–7, 155–6
Haemolysis, 96
Haemolytic anaemia, 139, 146
Haemorrhage, 232, 233, 248, 261
Haemorrhagic tumour, 132
Harmful effects of ultrasound, 10–12
HELLP syndrome, 109–10, 110
Hepatic see Liver
Hepatitis, 106–7, 107, 111, 139,
216, 257
Hepatobiliary system
bile ducts, 31–3
common referral patterns, 33–6
gallbladder, 27–31
hepatobiliary emergencies, 246–8
hepatobiliary pathology: paediatric
abdomen, 216–20
introduction, 17–18
liver, 18–27
upper-abdominal anatomy, 36–9
upper-abdominal technique, 18
see also Bile ducts; Liver
Hepatoblastomas, 218–20, 219, 234
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
biopsy procedures, 257
general information, 93–5
hepatobiliary pathology, 218–20
in a patient with cirrhosis, 94, 95,
98
treatment of, 269
viral hepatitis, 106
Hepatomas, 261
Hepatomegaly, 220
Hippel–Lindau disease, 134
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 139, 165
Horseshoe kidneys, 158, 159, 223,
223
Hydatid cysts, 82, 82, 177
Hydronephrosis, 168, 168–9, 170,
225–6, 263
Hyperaemia, 54, 56
Hyperparathyroidism, 173–4
Hyperplastic conditions of the gall
bladder wall, 51–4
Hypertension, portal see Portal
hypertension
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS),
234, 235
Hypervascularized bowel, 210
Hypotrophied column of Bertin,
158–9
I
Image optimization, 1–2
Image quality, 1–2, 7–8
Images, recording of, 9–10
Imaging the paediatric renal tract,
229
Impacted faeces, 36
Impacted gallstones, 45, 45
Incorrect use of equipment, 5
Increasing the frequency, 1
Indirect ultrasound guidance,
263–4
Infarction of the spleen, 146, 147
Infection, renal tract, 174–7, 189
Inferior vena cava (IVC), 199–201,
200, 201
Inflammation
gastrointestinal tract, 245–6
renal tract, 174–7
Inflammatory bowel conditions,
209–10
Inflammatory gallbladder disease,
54–8
Inspiration, deep, 18
Inspissated bile, 71, 71
Insulin-dependent diabetes, 135
Insulinomas, 128
Intercostal scanning, 18
Intrahepatic tumours, 64, 67
Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS),
113, 264, 265