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Figure 7.5 illustrates a schematic of a relatively simple bioretention area (or rain garden). Figure 7.6 illustrates a schematic of a bioretention area that is a more technically engineered structure, designed to complete specific stormwater management goals. Pond depth, soil mixture, infiltration bed, perforated underdrains, domed risers, and positive overflow structures may be designed according to the specific, required stormwater management functions. Figure 7.5 Schematic of a small residential rain garden Figure 7.6 Schematic of a technically engineered bioretention area Source: Prince George’s County Bioretention Manual with modifications by Cahill Associates, 2004 LID Manual for Michigan – Chapter 7 Page 134
Variations A bioretention system is a depression in the ground planted like a garden that provides for the storage and infiltration of relatively small volumes of stormwater runoff, often managing stormwater on a lot-by-lot basis. This use of many small stormwater controls versus one large detention area promotes the low impact development goal of decentralized treatment of stormwater. But, if greater volumes of runoff must be managed or stored, a bioretention system can be designed with an expanded subsurface infiltration bed, or can be increased in size. Typically, the ratio of impervious area draining to the bioretention area should not exceed five-to-one, and the total impervious area draining to a single system should not be more than one acre. Variations noted relate to performance types, flow entrance, and positive overflow. Performance types Depending on varying site conditions, bioretention can be designed to allow for 1) complete infiltration, 2) infiltration/filtration, or 3) filtration. These variations will often determine the need for such design features as the gravel bed, underdrains, and impervious liners. Bioretention using complete infiltration occurs in areas where groundwater recharge is beneficial and the soils have the permeability necessary to accommodate the inflow. This type of BMP is often less expensive to construct because there is no underdrain and the soils on site are often used. The most common variation to this type of bioretention includes a gravel or sand bed underneath the planting bed and often accompanied by the use of an underdrain. This allows for additional storage or for areas with low permea- Signage at Rouge River rain garden bility to use bioretention as infiltration, as well as, filtration (Figure 7.6). Some volume reduction will occur through infiltration, as well as evaporation and transpiration. Another variation is to use bioretention primarily for filtration. This is often used in contaminated soils or hot spot locations using an impervious liner to prevent infiltration and groundwater contamination. The primary stormwater function then becomes filtration with some volume reduction through evaporation and transpiration. For areas with low permeability, bioretention may achieve some infiltration while acting as detention with peak rate control for all storms up to the design storm. Flow inlet Pretreatment of runoff should be provided where sediment or pollutants entering the rain garden may cause concern or decreased BMP functionality. Soil erosion control mats, blankets, or rock must be used where runoff flows from impervious areas enter the rain garden. Flow inlet: Trench drain Trench drains can accept runoff from impervious surfaces and convey it to a rain garden (Figure 7.7). The trench drain may discharge to the surface of the rain garden or may connect directly to an aggregate infiltration bed beneath. Figure 7.7 Trench drain and curb cut connected to bioretention area Source: Macomb County Planning and Economic Development Educational Signage Once a bioretention area is established, installing signage will help the general public and maintenance crews recognize LID practices which can help promote sustainable stormwater management. Educational signs can incorporate LID goals, and maintenance objectives in addition to the type of LID project being employed. LID Manual for Michigan – Chapter 7 Page 135
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A Design Guide for Implementers and
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LID Manual for Michigan Page ii
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Shawn Keenan, City of Auburn Hills
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Appendix G: Stormwater Management P
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Figure 7.18 Filter with infiltratio
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Table 7.9 Definitions of Wetland Ve
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How this manual is organized This m
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discuss a new development. The staf
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In a natural woodland or meadow in
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Almost all components of the urban
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Benefits of implementing LID Implem
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Table 2.2 Summary of Cost Compariso
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Getting started with LID LID can be
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Precipitation also varies slightly
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Figure 3.4 Soil Freezing in Lower M
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Figure 3.6 Michigan Surficial Geolo
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Most soils in Michigan are classifi
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Table 3.3 Representative Cation Exc
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There is currently no single broadl
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Wellhead protection areas/ public w
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Table 3.4 Michigan Rivers and Strea
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References * Bailey, R.M and G.R. S
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LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 3
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Following are sample goals and poli
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Develop regulations that encourage/
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Construction activity • Minimize
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Street sweeping in Bloomfield Towns
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Resistance from internal sources an
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Site constraints that may pose chal
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Entity Stormwater Jurisdiction Coun
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Step 1: Property acquisition and us
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can be incorporated into the develo
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Step 3: Integrate municipal, county
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BMP Selection Process This chapter
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Case Study: Title The second page o
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Case Study: Pokagon Band of Potawat
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Figure 6.2 Conventional development
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Clu
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Case Study: Minimizing soil compact
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4. Topsoil stockpiling and storage
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References Hanks, D. and Lewandowsk
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Case Study: Longmeadow Development
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Applications Minimizing the total d
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Criteria to Receive Credits for Min
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Page 96 and 97: Case Study: Marywood Health Center
Page 98 and 99: Design Considerations 1. Identify n
Page 100 and 101: References Center for Watershed Pro
Page 102 and 103: Case Study: Macomb County Public Wo
Page 104 and 105: Zone 3: Also termed the “outer zo
Page 106 and 107: • Limit clearing and grading of f
Page 108 and 109: LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 6
Page 110 and 111: Case Study: Western Michigan Univer
Page 112 and 113: Protection of sensitive areas in re
Page 114 and 115: then weightings of potential develo
Page 116 and 117: Floodplains • Design the project
Page 118 and 119: References Arendt, Randall G. Growi
Page 120 and 121: Case Study: Willard Beach Implement
Page 122 and 123: Table 6.2 Narrow residential street
Page 124 and 125: Parking Parking lots often comprise
Page 126 and 127: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Red
Page 128 and 129: Case Study: Saugatuck Center for th
Page 130 and 131: In addition to directing runoff to
Page 132 and 133: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Dis
Page 134 and 135: Runoff Volume/ Infiltration Runoff
Page 136 and 137: Figure 7.1 Structural BMP Selection
Page 138 and 139: In general, the techniques describe
Page 140 and 141: Table 7.3 Additional BMP considerat
Page 142 and 143: Maintenance Provides guidance on re
Page 144 and 145: Case Study: Grayling Stormwater Pro
Page 148 and 149: Flow inlet: Curbs and curb cuts Cur
Page 150 and 151: Roads and highways Figure 7.13 show
Page 152 and 153: Design Considerations Bioretention
Page 154 and 155: 7. Planting periods will vary but,
Page 156 and 157: Construction Guidelines The followi
Page 158 and 159: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Rai
Page 160 and 161: Case Study: Stormwater Capture with
Page 162 and 163: Ford Rouge Plant cistern Vertical s
Page 164 and 165: Design Considerations Design and in
Page 166 and 167: the tank can accommodate.) (www.sta
Page 168 and 169: References “Black Vertical Storag
Page 170 and 171: Case Study: Constructed Linear Sand
Page 172 and 173: Surface non-vegetated filter A surf
Page 174 and 175: Large subsurface filter Large Subsu
Page 176 and 177: would modestly increase constructio
Page 178 and 179: During inspection the following con
Page 180 and 181: References Atlanta Regional Commiss
Page 182 and 183: Site Factors Type Basin Bottom Rela
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Page 186 and 187: Variations For this manual, detenti
Page 188 and 189: Precast concrete vault Source: Amer
Page 190 and 191: surface into the pond to a maximum
Page 192 and 193: sink for pollutants and generally h
Page 194 and 195: The presettlement and post-developm
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wet pond and constructed wetland op
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ackfilling operation should driven
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Dry
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Con
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References AMEC Earth and Environme
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Key Design Features • Depth to wa
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Case Study: Saugatuck Center for th
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Infiltration basins, subsurface inf
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Figure 7.24 Cross-section of dry we
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• The soil mantle should be prese
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Additional design considerations fo
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• Though roofs are generally not
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Subsurface infiltration bed Source:
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Stormwater Functions and Calculatio
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• Protect the infiltration area f
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Additional Construction Guidelines
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Inf
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References AMEC Earth and Environme
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Case Study: Washtenaw County West S
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Design Considerations Level spreade
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3. Inspect the filter strip and the
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References Hathaway, Jon and Hunt,
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Case Study: Black River Heritage Tr
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Figure 7.31 Native meadow species c
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Applications • Residential - Nati
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5. Amend soil: In those sites where
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Water quality improvement Landscape
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References Arendt, R. Growing Green
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Case Study: Grand Valley State Univ
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Staging, construction practices, an
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Reinforced turf/gravel Reinforced t
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4. Pervious pavement and infiltrati
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12. Proper pervious pavement applic
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Figure 7.40 Open-graded, clean, coa
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Repairs • Surface should never be
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References Adams, Michele. “Porou
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Case Study: Michigan Avenue Streets
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Native vegetation should be used in
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Design Considerations • Suggested
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oxes, etc. should be installed in a
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References Stormwater Management Gu
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Case Study: Nankin Mills Interpreti
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Figure 7.45 Schematic of a three-zo
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3. Analyze site’s vegetative feat
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Black River Heritage Trail and Wate
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Table 7.14 Tree spacing per acre Sp
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4. Stable debris As Zone 1 reaches
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References Alliance for the Chesape
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Case Study: Ann Arbor District Libr
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• Major compaction - Deep compact
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e. Add six inches compost or other
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References “Achieving the Post-Co
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Case Study: Wayne County, MI Ford R
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slope needs to be determined. This
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Figure 7.52 Sandy soils with HSG Gr
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Figure 7.56 Clay Loam, Silty Clay o
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• Guidance information, usually i
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Case Study: City of Battle Creek Ci
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Table 7.16 Vegetated roof types Ext
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Dual media assemblies Dual media (F
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Over a period of time roots can dam
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Technical requirements Root resista
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Stormwater Functions and Calculatio
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Veg
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Case Study: Meadowlake Farms Bioswa
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lower flows (two-year storm) to dra
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Stone check dams Source: Road Commi
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Table 7.18 Permanent stabilization
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Peak rate mitigation Vegetated swal
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Veg
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Case Study: LaVista Storm Drain Pro
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Basket type inserts Basket type ins
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Maintenance is crucial to the effec
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Roadway design, construction, and m
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• Vegetated systems such as grass
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Of the options explored, the study
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Figure 8.3 Tree planting detail Sou
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Opportunities for MPOs Metropolitan
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Construction on the project began i
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The following are examples of imple
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Horizontal grates can be added to a
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East Hills Center City of Grand Rap
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Implementing LID in High Risk Areas
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References AASHTO Center for Enviro
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LID Design Criteria Defining the hy
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Flood control Flood control is base
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Table 9.1 90 Percent Nonexceedance
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Initial abstraction (I a ) includes
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The Curve Number Method is less acc
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I = the average rainfall intensity
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Table 9.4 Rainfall Events of 24-Hou
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• Proceed to Flow Chart B, Peak R
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FLOW CHART A Stormwater Calculation
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Excessively drained soils may requi
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Worksheet 2. Sensitive Natural Reso
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WORKSHEET 4. Calculations for Volum
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WORKSHEET 6. SMALL SITE / SMALL IMP
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WORKSHEET 8. WATER QUALITY WORKSHEE
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Reese, S. and J. Lee. “Summary of
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ing Department. Most maintenance co
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The Hydrotech Garden Roof Assembly
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Bioswales provide infiltration of s
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The Ingham County Drain Commissione
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Constructed wetland The lowest port
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LID Manual for Michigan - Appendix
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Check dam Cistern Clustering Combin
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H:V Horizontal to vertical ratio. H
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Planter box Pervious pavement Phase
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Total phosphorous (TP) The total am
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Ecoregion recommendations are also
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Zone A Planting Zone = two-to-four
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Zone C Planting Zone = zero-to-two
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Representative Zone C Species Cardi
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Botanical Name Common Name Height C
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Zone E Planting Zone = four-to-18 i
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Representative Zone E Species Tall
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Botanical Name Common Name Height C
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Zone G Planter Box Plantings Althou
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Zone H Vegetated Roof Plantings Res
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Pervious Berms (Vegetated Filter St
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Vegetated roofs Some key components
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Step 1. Background evaluation Prior
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Methodology for double-ring infiltr
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Step 4. Use design considerations p
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Detention BMP Inspection Checklist*
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Infiltration BMPs Inspection Checkl
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Bioretention Inspection Checklist*
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Bioswale, Filter Strip Inspection C
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6. The [Community] or its designee
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STATE OF MICHIGAN ) ) ss. COUNTY OF
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Exhibit B - Location Map (Sample) S
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• Stormwater runoff, soil erosion
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Retention. A holding system for sto
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ARTICLE IV. STORMWATER PLAN REQUIRE
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The particular facilities and measu
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10. Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the
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Table H.2 Pre-Treatment Options for
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f. Complete development agreements
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must be submitted to the Michigan D
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C. Construction Plans shall be revi
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fine for each day. The rights and r
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Southeast Michigan Council of Gover
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