Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan - OSEH - University ...

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Case Study: Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians Pokagonek Edawat Housing Development Dowagiac, MI The Dowagiac River Watershed Management Plan was used as the basis for the design principles in this project which led to integrating LID techniques into the development. This Native American housing development used nine LID BMPs to arrive at an overall strategy to protect and use natural flow pathways and preserve natural features in overall stormwater planning and design. This development also maximized stormwater infiltration to groundwater through use of pervious pavement, rain gardens, and bioswales. In addition, homes were clustered to conserve open space and reduce infrastructure costs. The housing units were clustered in loops following the site topography, with 17 units in the first phase and 16 units scheduled for the second phase. Clustering reduced costs by shortening roads and utility runs. Smaller lots have reduced lawn and yard maintenance. Clustering also allowed for shared bioswales to be established among the buildings, helping to manage runoff. The footprints of the homes were minimized, through minimizing hallway space and eliminating foyers, while still providing for maximum usable space. Clustering of houses Source: Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians Case Study Site Considerations Project Type Cluster development Estimated Total Project Cost Maintenance Responsibility Mostly associated with prescribed burns and turf maintenance Pokagon Banb Housing Department Project Contact Mark Parrish, mark.parrish@pokagon.com 269-782-9602 LID Manual for Michigan – Chapter 6 Page 62
Description and Function Cluster development is driven by reducing minimum lot size, though not necessarily changing the total number of lots or amount of development occurring. As lot sizes decrease, the portion of the site which remains as undisturbed open space increases. If clustering is done carefully, this remaining open space can and should include those areas which are most sensitive environmentally and/or which offer special value functions not otherwise protected from development (e.g., high-quality woodlands areas). Several amendments were made to the Township Zoning Act (TZEA), the County Zoning Act (COZEA), and the City and Village Zoning Act (CVZEA) in 2001, requiring that municipalities (unless classified as “exempt”) include clustering as an option in their respective zoning ordinances. According to the Michigan Association of Planning web site, regulatory provisions for clustering include: “…land zoned for residential development may be developed using cluster development designs at the option of the land owner, the development of the specified land to be not more than 50% of the land that could have been developed (CVZEA 80%), density equivalency to be 2 or fewer dwelling units per acre, or if land is served by public sewer and water, 3 or fewer dwelling units per acre (all three statutes), land to remain perpetually in an undeveloped state to be not less than 50% for both TZEA and COZEA while CVZEA would be allowed 20%, all undeveloped land would be maintained as conservation easements, plat dedications, restrictive covenants, or other legal means; however land development would not depend upon the extension of public sewer or water unless the exercise of the option for development would depend upon an extension.” Variations One variation to a typical cluster development allows for a density bonus to incentivize use of this technique. A density bonus allows for additional lots to be added to the site beyond what the yield plan would show with a conventional subdivision. Proponents of this method state that allowing an additional lot or two may be the incentive needed to increase implementation of this technique. Opponents of this variation state that a density bonus is not needed since the development already costs less due to less stormwater and transportation infrastructure. A second clustering variation for municipalities to consider, subject to legal review, is establishing clustering as the baseline requirement, at least in some zoning categories. Conventional non-clustered development would still be an option (variance, conditional use, etc.), but only if a variety of performance standards are satisfied. A third variation for consideration relates to the nature and extent of development types subject to clustering provisions. As discussed above, clearly single-family residential development at lower densities/on larger lots is ready-made for clustering. However, clustering concepts can provide LID benefits in larger corporate office parks, in retail centers, and other uses. Often this clustering concept takes on its own nomenclature e.g., New Urbanist, Smart Growth, Planned Integrated Development, and others. In these cases, not only are individual lots reduced in size, but the physical form of the development typically undergoes change (i.e., 50,000 square feet of retail can move from a one-story box to stacked development with a much different New Urbanist configuration). Depending upon the nature and extent of the uses involved, “clustering” of nonresidential uses (e.g., daytime offices with evening/ weekend retail), if carefully planned can offer potential for reduced parking requirements. Applications Residential clustering The most common clustering option is residential clustering on new development. Figure 6.2 illustrates a more traditional development scenario where lots are placed across the entire site. In this example, the lot and house placement does avoid major natural features such as floodplain and wetlands, but still substantially encroaches into woodlands and riparian buffer features. Such a development layout (“yield plan”) provides an estimate of a site’s capacity to accommodate lots and houses at the base density hypothetically allowed under a municipal zoning ordinance. LID Manual for Michigan – Chapter 6 Page 63
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A Design Guide for Implementers and
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LID Manual for Michigan Page ii
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Shawn Keenan, City of Auburn Hills
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Appendix G: Stormwater Management P
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Figure 7.18 Filter with infiltratio
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Table 7.9 Definitions of Wetland Ve
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How this manual is organized This m
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discuss a new development. The staf
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In a natural woodland or meadow in
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Almost all components of the urban
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Benefits of implementing LID Implem
Page 24 and 25: Table 2.2 Summary of Cost Compariso
Page 26 and 27: Getting started with LID LID can be
Page 28 and 29: Precipitation also varies slightly
Page 30 and 31: Figure 3.4 Soil Freezing in Lower M
Page 32 and 33: Figure 3.6 Michigan Surficial Geolo
Page 34 and 35: Most soils in Michigan are classifi
Page 36 and 37: Table 3.3 Representative Cation Exc
Page 38 and 39: There is currently no single broadl
Page 40 and 41: Wellhead protection areas/ public w
Page 42 and 43: Table 3.4 Michigan Rivers and Strea
Page 44 and 45: References * Bailey, R.M and G.R. S
Page 46 and 47: LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 3
Page 48 and 49: Following are sample goals and poli
Page 50 and 51: Develop regulations that encourage/
Page 52 and 53: Construction activity • Minimize
Page 54 and 55: Street sweeping in Bloomfield Towns
Page 56 and 57: Resistance from internal sources an
Page 58 and 59: Site constraints that may pose chal
Page 60 and 61: Entity Stormwater Jurisdiction Coun
Page 62 and 63: Step 1: Property acquisition and us
Page 64 and 65: can be incorporated into the develo
Page 66 and 67: Step 3: Integrate municipal, county
Page 70 and 71: BMP Selection Process This chapter
Page 72 and 73: Case Study: Title The second page o
Page 76 and 77: Figure 6.2 Conventional development
Page 78 and 79: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Clu
Page 82 and 83: Case Study: Minimizing soil compact
Page 84 and 85: 4. Topsoil stockpiling and storage
Page 86 and 87: References Hanks, D. and Lewandowsk
Page 88 and 89: Case Study: Longmeadow Development
Page 90 and 91: Applications Minimizing the total d
Page 92 and 93: Criteria to Receive Credits for Min
Page 96 and 97: Case Study: Marywood Health Center
Page 98 and 99: Design Considerations 1. Identify n
Page 100 and 101: References Center for Watershed Pro
Page 102 and 103: Case Study: Macomb County Public Wo
Page 104 and 105: Zone 3: Also termed the “outer zo
Page 106 and 107: • Limit clearing and grading of f
Page 110 and 111: Case Study: Western Michigan Univer
Page 112 and 113: Protection of sensitive areas in re
Page 114 and 115: then weightings of potential develo
Page 116 and 117: Floodplains • Design the project
Page 118 and 119: References Arendt, Randall G. Growi
Page 120 and 121: Case Study: Willard Beach Implement
Page 122 and 123: Table 6.2 Narrow residential street
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Parking Parking lots often comprise
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Red
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Case Study: Saugatuck Center for th
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In addition to directing runoff to
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Dis
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Runoff Volume/ Infiltration Runoff
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Figure 7.1 Structural BMP Selection
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In general, the techniques describe
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Table 7.3 Additional BMP considerat
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Maintenance Provides guidance on re
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Case Study: Grayling Stormwater Pro
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Figure 7.5 illustrates a schematic
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Flow inlet: Curbs and curb cuts Cur
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Roads and highways Figure 7.13 show
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Design Considerations Bioretention
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7. Planting periods will vary but,
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Construction Guidelines The followi
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Rai
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Case Study: Stormwater Capture with
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Ford Rouge Plant cistern Vertical s
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Design Considerations Design and in
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the tank can accommodate.) (www.sta
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References “Black Vertical Storag
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Case Study: Constructed Linear Sand
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Surface non-vegetated filter A surf
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Large subsurface filter Large Subsu
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would modestly increase constructio
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During inspection the following con
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References Atlanta Regional Commiss
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Site Factors Type Basin Bottom Rela
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LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 7
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Variations For this manual, detenti
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Precast concrete vault Source: Amer
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surface into the pond to a maximum
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sink for pollutants and generally h
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The presettlement and post-developm
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wet pond and constructed wetland op
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ackfilling operation should driven
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Dry
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Con
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References AMEC Earth and Environme
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Key Design Features • Depth to wa
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Case Study: Saugatuck Center for th
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Infiltration basins, subsurface inf
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Figure 7.24 Cross-section of dry we
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• The soil mantle should be prese
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Additional design considerations fo
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• Though roofs are generally not
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Subsurface infiltration bed Source:
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Stormwater Functions and Calculatio
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• Protect the infiltration area f
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Additional Construction Guidelines
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Inf
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References AMEC Earth and Environme
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Case Study: Washtenaw County West S
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Design Considerations Level spreade
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3. Inspect the filter strip and the
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References Hathaway, Jon and Hunt,
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Case Study: Black River Heritage Tr
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Figure 7.31 Native meadow species c
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Applications • Residential - Nati
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5. Amend soil: In those sites where
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Water quality improvement Landscape
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References Arendt, R. Growing Green
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Case Study: Grand Valley State Univ
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Staging, construction practices, an
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Reinforced turf/gravel Reinforced t
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4. Pervious pavement and infiltrati
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12. Proper pervious pavement applic
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Figure 7.40 Open-graded, clean, coa
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Repairs • Surface should never be
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References Adams, Michele. “Porou
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Case Study: Michigan Avenue Streets
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Native vegetation should be used in
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Design Considerations • Suggested
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oxes, etc. should be installed in a
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References Stormwater Management Gu
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Case Study: Nankin Mills Interpreti
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Figure 7.45 Schematic of a three-zo
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3. Analyze site’s vegetative feat
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Black River Heritage Trail and Wate
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Table 7.14 Tree spacing per acre Sp
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4. Stable debris As Zone 1 reaches
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References Alliance for the Chesape
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Case Study: Ann Arbor District Libr
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• Major compaction - Deep compact
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e. Add six inches compost or other
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References “Achieving the Post-Co
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Case Study: Wayne County, MI Ford R
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slope needs to be determined. This
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Figure 7.52 Sandy soils with HSG Gr
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Figure 7.56 Clay Loam, Silty Clay o
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• Guidance information, usually i
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Case Study: City of Battle Creek Ci
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Table 7.16 Vegetated roof types Ext
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Dual media assemblies Dual media (F
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Over a period of time roots can dam
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Technical requirements Root resista
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Stormwater Functions and Calculatio
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Veg
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Case Study: Meadowlake Farms Bioswa
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lower flows (two-year storm) to dra
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Stone check dams Source: Road Commi
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Table 7.18 Permanent stabilization
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Peak rate mitigation Vegetated swal
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Veg
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Case Study: LaVista Storm Drain Pro
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Basket type inserts Basket type ins
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Maintenance is crucial to the effec
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Roadway design, construction, and m
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• Vegetated systems such as grass
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Of the options explored, the study
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Figure 8.3 Tree planting detail Sou
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Opportunities for MPOs Metropolitan
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Construction on the project began i
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The following are examples of imple
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Horizontal grates can be added to a
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East Hills Center City of Grand Rap
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Implementing LID in High Risk Areas
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References AASHTO Center for Enviro
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LID Design Criteria Defining the hy
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Flood control Flood control is base
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Table 9.1 90 Percent Nonexceedance
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Initial abstraction (I a ) includes
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The Curve Number Method is less acc
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I = the average rainfall intensity
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Table 9.4 Rainfall Events of 24-Hou
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• Proceed to Flow Chart B, Peak R
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FLOW CHART A Stormwater Calculation
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Excessively drained soils may requi
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Worksheet 2. Sensitive Natural Reso
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WORKSHEET 4. Calculations for Volum
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WORKSHEET 6. SMALL SITE / SMALL IMP
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WORKSHEET 8. WATER QUALITY WORKSHEE
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Reese, S. and J. Lee. “Summary of
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ing Department. Most maintenance co
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The Hydrotech Garden Roof Assembly
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Bioswales provide infiltration of s
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The Ingham County Drain Commissione
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Constructed wetland The lowest port
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LID Manual for Michigan - Appendix
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Check dam Cistern Clustering Combin
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H:V Horizontal to vertical ratio. H
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Planter box Pervious pavement Phase
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Total phosphorous (TP) The total am
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Ecoregion recommendations are also
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Zone A Planting Zone = two-to-four
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Zone C Planting Zone = zero-to-two
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Representative Zone C Species Cardi
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Botanical Name Common Name Height C
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Zone E Planting Zone = four-to-18 i
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Representative Zone E Species Tall
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Botanical Name Common Name Height C
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Zone G Planter Box Plantings Althou
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Zone H Vegetated Roof Plantings Res
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Pervious Berms (Vegetated Filter St
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Vegetated roofs Some key components
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Step 1. Background evaluation Prior
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Methodology for double-ring infiltr
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Step 4. Use design considerations p
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Detention BMP Inspection Checklist*
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Infiltration BMPs Inspection Checkl
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Bioretention Inspection Checklist*
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Bioswale, Filter Strip Inspection C
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6. The [Community] or its designee
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STATE OF MICHIGAN ) ) ss. COUNTY OF
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Exhibit B - Location Map (Sample) S
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• Stormwater runoff, soil erosion
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Retention. A holding system for sto
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ARTICLE IV. STORMWATER PLAN REQUIRE
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The particular facilities and measu
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10. Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the
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Table H.2 Pre-Treatment Options for
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f. Complete development agreements
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must be submitted to the Michigan D
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C. Construction Plans shall be revi
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fine for each day. The rights and r
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Southeast Michigan Council of Gover
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