Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan - OSEH - University ...

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Design Considerations 1. Identify natural drainage features. Identifying and mapping natural drainage features is generally done as part of a comprehensive site analysis. This process is an integral first step of site design. Subtle site features such as swales, drainage pathways, and natural depressions should be delineated in addition to commonly mapped hydrologic elements such as wetlands, perennial and intermittent streams, and waterbodies. Natural drainage features can guide the design Source: Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control - Conservation Design for Stormwater Management 2. Use natural drainage features to guide site design. Instead of imposing a two-dimensional paper design on a particular site, designers can use natural drainage features to steer the site layout. Drainage features define contiguous open space and other undisturbed areas as well as road alignment and building placement. The design should minimize disturbance to natural drainage features. Drainage features that are to be protected should be clearly shown on all construction plans. Methods for protection, such as signage and fencing, should also be noted on applicable plans. 3. Use native vegetation. Natural drainage pathways should be planted with native vegetative buffers and the features themselves should include native vegetation where applicable. If drainage features have been previously disturbed, they can be restored with native vegetation and buffers. Stormwater Function and Calculations Volume reduction Protecting natural flow pathways can reduce the volume of runoff in several ways. Reducing disturbance and maintaining a natural cover reduces the volume of runoff through infiltration and evapotranspiration. Using natural flow pathways further reduces runoff volumes through allowing increased infiltration to occur, especially during smaller storm events. Encouraging infiltration in natural depressions also reduces stormwater volumes. Employing strategies that direct non-erosive sheet flow onto naturally vegetated areas also promotes infiltration – even in areas with relatively impermeable soils. (See Chapter 9 for volume reduction calculations.) Artesian spring in Northville Ridge Subdivision, Northville Township, MI When the subdivision was being developed, the Johnson Creek Protection Group requested that the developer relocate one of the proposed residential homes and create a small park above the spring so as not to interrupt the groundwater flow. They agreed and the spring still flows year around creating a focal point for the park. Source: Wayne County Department of Environment LID Manual for Michigan – Chapter 6 Page 86
Peak rate mitigation Protecting natural flow pathways can reduce the peak rate of runoff in several ways. Reducing disturbance and maintaining a natural cover reduces the runoff rate. Using natural flow pathways can lower discharge rates by slowing runoff and increasing onsite storage. Water quality improvement Protecting natural flow pathways improves water quality through filtration, infiltration, sedimentation, and thermal mitigation. (See Chapter 9 for Water Quality calculations.) Maintenance Natural drainage features that are properly protected and used as part of site development should require very little maintenance. However, periodic inspections are important. Inspections should assess erosion, bank stability, sediment/debris accumulation, and vegetative conditions, including the presence of invasive species. Problems should be corrected in a timely manner Protected drainage features on private property should have an easement, deed restriction, or other legal measure to prevent future disturbance or neglect. Cost Protecting natural flow pathways generally results in significant construction cost savings. Protecting these features results in less disturbance, clearing, and earthwork and requires less revegetation. Using natural flow pathways reduces the need and size of costly, engineered stormwater conveyance systems. Together, protecting and using natural flow pathways reduces and even eliminates the need for stormwater management facilities (structural BMPs), lowering costs even more. Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Protect Natural Flow Pathways ITEM YES NO N/A NOTES Identify in plan all natural flow pathways before proposed development? Identify in plan natural flow pathways protected post-development? Highlight in plan natural flow pathways which are integrated into stormwater management? Have measures been taken to guarantee that natural pathways won’t be negatively impacted by stormwater flows? Have credits been calculated for natural flow pathways being protected? LID Manual for Michigan – Chapter 6 Page 87
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A Design Guide for Implementers and
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LID Manual for Michigan Page ii
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Shawn Keenan, City of Auburn Hills
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Appendix G: Stormwater Management P
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Figure 7.18 Filter with infiltratio
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Table 7.9 Definitions of Wetland Ve
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How this manual is organized This m
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discuss a new development. The staf
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In a natural woodland or meadow in
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Almost all components of the urban
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Benefits of implementing LID Implem
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Table 2.2 Summary of Cost Compariso
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Getting started with LID LID can be
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Precipitation also varies slightly
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Figure 3.4 Soil Freezing in Lower M
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Figure 3.6 Michigan Surficial Geolo
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Most soils in Michigan are classifi
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Table 3.3 Representative Cation Exc
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There is currently no single broadl
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Wellhead protection areas/ public w
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Table 3.4 Michigan Rivers and Strea
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References * Bailey, R.M and G.R. S
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LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 3
Page 48 and 49: Following are sample goals and poli
Page 50 and 51: Develop regulations that encourage/
Page 52 and 53: Construction activity • Minimize
Page 54 and 55: Street sweeping in Bloomfield Towns
Page 56 and 57: Resistance from internal sources an
Page 58 and 59: Site constraints that may pose chal
Page 60 and 61: Entity Stormwater Jurisdiction Coun
Page 62 and 63: Step 1: Property acquisition and us
Page 64 and 65: can be incorporated into the develo
Page 66 and 67: Step 3: Integrate municipal, county
Page 68 and 69: LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 5
Page 70 and 71: BMP Selection Process This chapter
Page 72 and 73: Case Study: Title The second page o
Page 74 and 75: Case Study: Pokagon Band of Potawat
Page 76 and 77: Figure 6.2 Conventional development
Page 78 and 79: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Clu
Page 82 and 83: Case Study: Minimizing soil compact
Page 84 and 85: 4. Topsoil stockpiling and storage
Page 86 and 87: References Hanks, D. and Lewandowsk
Page 88 and 89: Case Study: Longmeadow Development
Page 90 and 91: Applications Minimizing the total d
Page 92 and 93: Criteria to Receive Credits for Min
Page 96 and 97: Case Study: Marywood Health Center
Page 100 and 101: References Center for Watershed Pro
Page 102 and 103: Case Study: Macomb County Public Wo
Page 104 and 105: Zone 3: Also termed the “outer zo
Page 106 and 107: • Limit clearing and grading of f
Page 110 and 111: Case Study: Western Michigan Univer
Page 112 and 113: Protection of sensitive areas in re
Page 114 and 115: then weightings of potential develo
Page 116 and 117: Floodplains • Design the project
Page 118 and 119: References Arendt, Randall G. Growi
Page 120 and 121: Case Study: Willard Beach Implement
Page 122 and 123: Table 6.2 Narrow residential street
Page 124 and 125: Parking Parking lots often comprise
Page 126 and 127: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Red
Page 128 and 129: Case Study: Saugatuck Center for th
Page 130 and 131: In addition to directing runoff to
Page 132 and 133: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Dis
Page 134 and 135: Runoff Volume/ Infiltration Runoff
Page 136 and 137: Figure 7.1 Structural BMP Selection
Page 138 and 139: In general, the techniques describe
Page 140 and 141: Table 7.3 Additional BMP considerat
Page 142 and 143: Maintenance Provides guidance on re
Page 144 and 145: Case Study: Grayling Stormwater Pro
Page 146 and 147: Figure 7.5 illustrates a schematic
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Flow inlet: Curbs and curb cuts Cur
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Roads and highways Figure 7.13 show
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Design Considerations Bioretention
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7. Planting periods will vary but,
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Construction Guidelines The followi
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Rai
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Case Study: Stormwater Capture with
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Ford Rouge Plant cistern Vertical s
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Design Considerations Design and in
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the tank can accommodate.) (www.sta
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References “Black Vertical Storag
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Case Study: Constructed Linear Sand
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Surface non-vegetated filter A surf
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Large subsurface filter Large Subsu
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would modestly increase constructio
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During inspection the following con
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References Atlanta Regional Commiss
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Site Factors Type Basin Bottom Rela
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Variations For this manual, detenti
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Precast concrete vault Source: Amer
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surface into the pond to a maximum
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sink for pollutants and generally h
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The presettlement and post-developm
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wet pond and constructed wetland op
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ackfilling operation should driven
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Dry
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Con
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References AMEC Earth and Environme
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Key Design Features • Depth to wa
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Case Study: Saugatuck Center for th
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Infiltration basins, subsurface inf
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Figure 7.24 Cross-section of dry we
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• The soil mantle should be prese
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Additional design considerations fo
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• Though roofs are generally not
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Subsurface infiltration bed Source:
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Stormwater Functions and Calculatio
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• Protect the infiltration area f
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Additional Construction Guidelines
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Inf
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References AMEC Earth and Environme
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Case Study: Washtenaw County West S
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Design Considerations Level spreade
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3. Inspect the filter strip and the
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References Hathaway, Jon and Hunt,
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Case Study: Black River Heritage Tr
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Figure 7.31 Native meadow species c
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Applications • Residential - Nati
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5. Amend soil: In those sites where
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Water quality improvement Landscape
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References Arendt, R. Growing Green
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Case Study: Grand Valley State Univ
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Staging, construction practices, an
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Reinforced turf/gravel Reinforced t
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4. Pervious pavement and infiltrati
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12. Proper pervious pavement applic
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Figure 7.40 Open-graded, clean, coa
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Repairs • Surface should never be
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References Adams, Michele. “Porou
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Case Study: Michigan Avenue Streets
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Native vegetation should be used in
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Design Considerations • Suggested
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oxes, etc. should be installed in a
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References Stormwater Management Gu
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Case Study: Nankin Mills Interpreti
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Figure 7.45 Schematic of a three-zo
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3. Analyze site’s vegetative feat
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Black River Heritage Trail and Wate
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Table 7.14 Tree spacing per acre Sp
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4. Stable debris As Zone 1 reaches
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References Alliance for the Chesape
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Case Study: Ann Arbor District Libr
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• Major compaction - Deep compact
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e. Add six inches compost or other
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References “Achieving the Post-Co
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Case Study: Wayne County, MI Ford R
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slope needs to be determined. This
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Figure 7.52 Sandy soils with HSG Gr
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Figure 7.56 Clay Loam, Silty Clay o
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• Guidance information, usually i
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Case Study: City of Battle Creek Ci
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Table 7.16 Vegetated roof types Ext
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Dual media assemblies Dual media (F
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Over a period of time roots can dam
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Technical requirements Root resista
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Stormwater Functions and Calculatio
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Veg
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Case Study: Meadowlake Farms Bioswa
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lower flows (two-year storm) to dra
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Stone check dams Source: Road Commi
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Table 7.18 Permanent stabilization
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Peak rate mitigation Vegetated swal
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Veg
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Case Study: LaVista Storm Drain Pro
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Basket type inserts Basket type ins
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Maintenance is crucial to the effec
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Roadway design, construction, and m
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• Vegetated systems such as grass
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Of the options explored, the study
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Figure 8.3 Tree planting detail Sou
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Opportunities for MPOs Metropolitan
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Construction on the project began i
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The following are examples of imple
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Horizontal grates can be added to a
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East Hills Center City of Grand Rap
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Implementing LID in High Risk Areas
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References AASHTO Center for Enviro
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LID Design Criteria Defining the hy
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Flood control Flood control is base
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Table 9.1 90 Percent Nonexceedance
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Initial abstraction (I a ) includes
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The Curve Number Method is less acc
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I = the average rainfall intensity
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Table 9.4 Rainfall Events of 24-Hou
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• Proceed to Flow Chart B, Peak R
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FLOW CHART A Stormwater Calculation
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Excessively drained soils may requi
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Worksheet 2. Sensitive Natural Reso
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WORKSHEET 4. Calculations for Volum
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WORKSHEET 6. SMALL SITE / SMALL IMP
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WORKSHEET 8. WATER QUALITY WORKSHEE
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Reese, S. and J. Lee. “Summary of
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ing Department. Most maintenance co
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The Hydrotech Garden Roof Assembly
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Bioswales provide infiltration of s
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The Ingham County Drain Commissione
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Constructed wetland The lowest port
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LID Manual for Michigan - Appendix
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Check dam Cistern Clustering Combin
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H:V Horizontal to vertical ratio. H
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Planter box Pervious pavement Phase
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Total phosphorous (TP) The total am
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Ecoregion recommendations are also
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Zone A Planting Zone = two-to-four
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Zone C Planting Zone = zero-to-two
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Representative Zone C Species Cardi
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Botanical Name Common Name Height C
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Zone E Planting Zone = four-to-18 i
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Representative Zone E Species Tall
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Botanical Name Common Name Height C
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Zone G Planter Box Plantings Althou
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Zone H Vegetated Roof Plantings Res
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Pervious Berms (Vegetated Filter St
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Vegetated roofs Some key components
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Step 1. Background evaluation Prior
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Methodology for double-ring infiltr
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Step 4. Use design considerations p
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Detention BMP Inspection Checklist*
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Infiltration BMPs Inspection Checkl
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Bioretention Inspection Checklist*
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Bioswale, Filter Strip Inspection C
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6. The [Community] or its designee
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STATE OF MICHIGAN ) ) ss. COUNTY OF
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Exhibit B - Location Map (Sample) S
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• Stormwater runoff, soil erosion
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Retention. A holding system for sto
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ARTICLE IV. STORMWATER PLAN REQUIRE
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The particular facilities and measu
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10. Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the
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Table H.2 Pre-Treatment Options for
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f. Complete development agreements
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must be submitted to the Michigan D
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C. Construction Plans shall be revi
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fine for each day. The rights and r
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Southeast Michigan Council of Gover
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