Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan - OSEH - University ...

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References AASHTO Center for Environmental Excellence. Environmental Stewardship Practices, Procedures, and Policies for Highway Construction and Maintenance. 2008. Bannerman, R.; D. Owens; R. Dodds; and N. Hornewer. “Sources of Pollutants in Wisconsin Stormwater.” Water Science and Technology. 28(3-5): 241-259, 1993. Cammermayer, J.W., Horner, R.R., Chechowitz. “Vegetated Stormwater Facility Maintenance.” Report No. WA-RD 495.1, Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), December 2000. City of Portland, OR, Bureau of Environmental Services. Gateway Green Streets Master Plan. 2008. Cornell Urban Horticulture Institute. Using CU-Structural Soil in the Urban Environment. 2005. Federal Highway Administration. Stormwater Best Management Practices in an Ultra-Urban Setting: Selection and Monitoring. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1999. Galli, F. “Thermal Impacts Associated with Urbanization and Stormwater Best Management Practices.” Baltimore, MD: Metropolitan Council of Governments, 1990. Kloss, Christopher and Crystal Calarusse. Rooftops to Rivers: Green Strategies for Controlling Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows. Natural Resources Defense Council. June 2006. Marshall, Emily, et.al. Flint Futures: Alternative Futures for Brownfield Redevelopment in Flint, MI. 2007. Pluhowski. E.J. 1970. Urbanization and its Effects on the Temperature of the Streams in Long Island, New York. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 627-D. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, D.C., 1970. Scaief, J. and Murphee, G., Riparian Ecosystems and Buffers: Multi-scale Structure, Function, and Management. AWRA Summer Specialty Conference, 2004. SEMCOG. Integrating Environmental Issues in the Transportation Planning Process: Guidelines for Road and Transit Agencies. Detroit, MI, 2007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Case Studies for Stormwater Management on Compacted, Contaminated Soils in Dense Urban Areas. April 2008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Design Principles for Stormwater Management on Compacted, Contaminated Soils in Dense Urban Areas. April 2008. LID Manual for Michigan – Chapter 8 Page 356
Chapter 9 Calculations and Methodology This chapter describes design methods to calculate the level of control needed using LID techniques and how to select BMPs to meet those conditions. Chapters 6 and 7 provide detailed design criteria for each BMP. As described previously, LID designs are based on mimicking the presettlement hydrology as defined by groundwater recharge, stream channel stability, and flooding. LID methodology also provides treatment of pollutants carried in stormwater runoff. Several methods of analysis may be used to produce a LID based site design. This manual will discuss many of them and the conditions where each may be most useful. The Curve Number method is widely used and is recommended for typical LID design calculations. The Curve Number (CN) method will be used throughout this chapter and on the associated worksheets to illustrate the design process. The design process described here takes the user through full implementation of LID on a site. Users may choose to partially implement LID or implement some LID practices for specific purposes or to meet unusual site conditions. Some site conditions requiring special attention are addressed in Chapter 8 as well as modifications to the LID design process for those site conditions. Throughout this document, the term “presettlement” is used to describe the initial condition of a site before development occurs. Defining the initial condition is important to determine the appropriate level of LID controls needed. Defining precisely what the appropriate initial condition was can be difficult. The term “predevelopment” is used routinely in other LID guidance documents as a generic statement referring to the site condition before development. “Presettlement” is a specific reference to that time period before significant human change to the landscape. For the purpose of LID design, this chapter defines presettlement as the presettlement site condition. To simplify LID design calculations, presettlement is further defined as either woods or meadow in good condition. This definition will not represent the actual presettlement condition of all land in Michigan. It does provide a simple, conser- vative value to use in site design that meets common LID objectives. Predevelopment may be defined in other ways based on site specific or watershed-specific study. However, care should be given to apply consistent criteria throughout any given watershed in order to maintain a stable storm runoff response from the watershed. Implementing a Community Stormwater Regulation Stormwater management is a necessary component of water quality improvement and protection in a growing number of communities. Some communities may chose to adopt standards (e.g., through ordinance, engineering standards, rules) that would be implemented throughout the community. Appendix H contains a model stormwater ordinance that incorporates various elements of LID, including standards. In developing a stormwater regulation, the following steps should be considered: Step 1: Discuss and decide on water quality and quantity outcomes. Local communities need to consider the importance of achieving certain outcomes, including water quality protection, groundwater recharge, stream channel protection, and flood control. LID is a means of achieving all of these outcomes by mimicking presettlement hydrology. Step 2: Adopt design standards that achieve desired outcomes. After determining the applicable outcomes, the next step is developing standards for the community. The recommended criteria presented in this chapter are designed to meet comprehensive water quantity (total volume and peak rate) and water quality objectives. Other factors that should be discussed include waivers for certain site considerations, how to address redevelopment, and the need to address flooding concerns. Step 3: Select the stormwater methodologies to meet the design standards. A final decision is determining the acceptable calculation methodologies that can be used to meet the standards. LID Manual for Michigan – Chapter 9 Page 357
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A Design Guide for Implementers and
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LID Manual for Michigan Page ii
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Shawn Keenan, City of Auburn Hills
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Appendix G: Stormwater Management P
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Figure 7.18 Filter with infiltratio
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Table 7.9 Definitions of Wetland Ve
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How this manual is organized This m
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discuss a new development. The staf
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In a natural woodland or meadow in
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Almost all components of the urban
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Benefits of implementing LID Implem
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Table 2.2 Summary of Cost Compariso
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Getting started with LID LID can be
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Precipitation also varies slightly
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Figure 3.4 Soil Freezing in Lower M
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Figure 3.6 Michigan Surficial Geolo
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Most soils in Michigan are classifi
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Table 3.3 Representative Cation Exc
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There is currently no single broadl
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Wellhead protection areas/ public w
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Table 3.4 Michigan Rivers and Strea
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References * Bailey, R.M and G.R. S
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LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 3
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Following are sample goals and poli
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Develop regulations that encourage/
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Construction activity • Minimize
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Street sweeping in Bloomfield Towns
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Resistance from internal sources an
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Site constraints that may pose chal
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Entity Stormwater Jurisdiction Coun
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Step 1: Property acquisition and us
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can be incorporated into the develo
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Step 3: Integrate municipal, county
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BMP Selection Process This chapter
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Case Study: Title The second page o
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Case Study: Pokagon Band of Potawat
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Figure 6.2 Conventional development
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Clu
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Case Study: Minimizing soil compact
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4. Topsoil stockpiling and storage
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References Hanks, D. and Lewandowsk
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Case Study: Longmeadow Development
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Applications Minimizing the total d
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Criteria to Receive Credits for Min
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Case Study: Marywood Health Center
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Design Considerations 1. Identify n
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References Center for Watershed Pro
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Case Study: Macomb County Public Wo
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Zone 3: Also termed the “outer zo
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• Limit clearing and grading of f
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Case Study: Western Michigan Univer
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Protection of sensitive areas in re
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then weightings of potential develo
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Floodplains • Design the project
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References Arendt, Randall G. Growi
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Case Study: Willard Beach Implement
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Table 6.2 Narrow residential street
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Parking Parking lots often comprise
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Red
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Case Study: Saugatuck Center for th
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In addition to directing runoff to
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Dis
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Runoff Volume/ Infiltration Runoff
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Figure 7.1 Structural BMP Selection
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In general, the techniques describe
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Table 7.3 Additional BMP considerat
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Maintenance Provides guidance on re
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Case Study: Grayling Stormwater Pro
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Figure 7.5 illustrates a schematic
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Flow inlet: Curbs and curb cuts Cur
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Roads and highways Figure 7.13 show
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Design Considerations Bioretention
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7. Planting periods will vary but,
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Construction Guidelines The followi
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Rai
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Case Study: Stormwater Capture with
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Ford Rouge Plant cistern Vertical s
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Design Considerations Design and in
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the tank can accommodate.) (www.sta
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References “Black Vertical Storag
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Case Study: Constructed Linear Sand
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Surface non-vegetated filter A surf
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Large subsurface filter Large Subsu
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would modestly increase constructio
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During inspection the following con
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References Atlanta Regional Commiss
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Site Factors Type Basin Bottom Rela
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Variations For this manual, detenti
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Precast concrete vault Source: Amer
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surface into the pond to a maximum
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sink for pollutants and generally h
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The presettlement and post-developm
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wet pond and constructed wetland op
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ackfilling operation should driven
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Dry
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Con
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References AMEC Earth and Environme
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Key Design Features • Depth to wa
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Case Study: Saugatuck Center for th
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Infiltration basins, subsurface inf
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Figure 7.24 Cross-section of dry we
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• The soil mantle should be prese
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Additional design considerations fo
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• Though roofs are generally not
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Subsurface infiltration bed Source:
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Stormwater Functions and Calculatio
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• Protect the infiltration area f
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Additional Construction Guidelines
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Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Inf
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References AMEC Earth and Environme
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Case Study: Washtenaw County West S
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Design Considerations Level spreade
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3. Inspect the filter strip and the
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References Hathaway, Jon and Hunt,
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Case Study: Black River Heritage Tr
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Figure 7.31 Native meadow species c
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Applications • Residential - Nati
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5. Amend soil: In those sites where
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Water quality improvement Landscape
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References Arendt, R. Growing Green
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Case Study: Grand Valley State Univ
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Staging, construction practices, an
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Reinforced turf/gravel Reinforced t
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4. Pervious pavement and infiltrati
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12. Proper pervious pavement applic
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Figure 7.40 Open-graded, clean, coa
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Repairs • Surface should never be
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References Adams, Michele. “Porou
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Case Study: Michigan Avenue Streets
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Native vegetation should be used in
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Design Considerations • Suggested
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oxes, etc. should be installed in a
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References Stormwater Management Gu
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Case Study: Nankin Mills Interpreti
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Figure 7.45 Schematic of a three-zo
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3. Analyze site’s vegetative feat
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Black River Heritage Trail and Wate
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Table 7.14 Tree spacing per acre Sp
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4. Stable debris As Zone 1 reaches
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References Alliance for the Chesape
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Case Study: Ann Arbor District Libr
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• Major compaction - Deep compact
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e. Add six inches compost or other
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References “Achieving the Post-Co
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Case Study: Wayne County, MI Ford R
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slope needs to be determined. This
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Figure 7.52 Sandy soils with HSG Gr
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Figure 7.56 Clay Loam, Silty Clay o
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• Guidance information, usually i
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Case Study: City of Battle Creek Ci
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Table 7.16 Vegetated roof types Ext
Page 318 and 319: Dual media assemblies Dual media (F
Page 320 and 321: Over a period of time roots can dam
Page 322 and 323: Technical requirements Root resista
Page 324 and 325: Stormwater Functions and Calculatio
Page 326 and 327: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Veg
Page 328 and 329: Case Study: Meadowlake Farms Bioswa
Page 330 and 331: lower flows (two-year storm) to dra
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Page 334 and 335: Table 7.18 Permanent stabilization
Page 336 and 337: Peak rate mitigation Vegetated swal
Page 338 and 339: Designer/Reviewer Checklist for Veg
Page 340 and 341: LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 7
Page 342 and 343: Case Study: LaVista Storm Drain Pro
Page 344 and 345: Basket type inserts Basket type ins
Page 346 and 347: Maintenance is crucial to the effec
Page 348 and 349: Roadway design, construction, and m
Page 350 and 351: • Vegetated systems such as grass
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Page 356 and 357: Opportunities for MPOs Metropolitan
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Page 360 and 361: The following are examples of imple
Page 362 and 363: Horizontal grates can be added to a
Page 364 and 365: East Hills Center City of Grand Rap
Page 366 and 367: Implementing LID in High Risk Areas
Page 370 and 371: LID Design Criteria Defining the hy
Page 372 and 373: Flood control Flood control is base
Page 374 and 375: Table 9.1 90 Percent Nonexceedance
Page 376 and 377: Initial abstraction (I a ) includes
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Page 380 and 381: I = the average rainfall intensity
Page 382 and 383: Table 9.4 Rainfall Events of 24-Hou
Page 384 and 385: • Proceed to Flow Chart B, Peak R
Page 386 and 387: FLOW CHART A Stormwater Calculation
Page 388 and 389: Excessively drained soils may requi
Page 390 and 391: Worksheet 2. Sensitive Natural Reso
Page 392 and 393: WORKSHEET 4. Calculations for Volum
Page 394 and 395: WORKSHEET 6. SMALL SITE / SMALL IMP
Page 396 and 397: WORKSHEET 8. WATER QUALITY WORKSHEE
Page 398 and 399: Reese, S. and J. Lee. “Summary of
Page 400 and 401: ing Department. Most maintenance co
Page 402 and 403: The Hydrotech Garden Roof Assembly
Page 404 and 405: Bioswales provide infiltration of s
Page 406 and 407: The Ingham County Drain Commissione
Page 408 and 409: Constructed wetland The lowest port
Page 410 and 411: LID Manual for Michigan - Chapter 1
Page 412 and 413: LID Manual for Michigan - Appendix
Page 414 and 415: Check dam Cistern Clustering Combin
Page 416 and 417: H:V Horizontal to vertical ratio. H
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Planter box Pervious pavement Phase
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Total phosphorous (TP) The total am
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Ecoregion recommendations are also
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Zone A Planting Zone = two-to-four
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Zone C Planting Zone = zero-to-two
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Representative Zone C Species Cardi
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Botanical Name Common Name Height C
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Zone E Planting Zone = four-to-18 i
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Representative Zone E Species Tall
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Botanical Name Common Name Height C
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Zone G Planter Box Plantings Althou
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Zone H Vegetated Roof Plantings Res
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LID Manual for Michigan - Appendix
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Pervious Berms (Vegetated Filter St
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Vegetated roofs Some key components
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Step 1. Background evaluation Prior
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Methodology for double-ring infiltr
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Step 4. Use design considerations p
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Detention BMP Inspection Checklist*
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Infiltration BMPs Inspection Checkl
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Bioretention Inspection Checklist*
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Bioswale, Filter Strip Inspection C
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6. The [Community] or its designee
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STATE OF MICHIGAN ) ) ss. COUNTY OF
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Exhibit B - Location Map (Sample) S
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• Stormwater runoff, soil erosion
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Retention. A holding system for sto
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ARTICLE IV. STORMWATER PLAN REQUIRE
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The particular facilities and measu
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10. Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the
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Table H.2 Pre-Treatment Options for
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f. Complete development agreements
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must be submitted to the Michigan D
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C. Construction Plans shall be revi
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fine for each day. The rights and r
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Southeast Michigan Council of Gover
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