A grammar of the Malayan language, with an introduction and praxis..

52 A GRAMMAR OF THE
Verbs.
The verb, in the same manner as the noun, may be distinguished into
primitive and derivative.
The primitive verb is, in its original signification, either transitive, as
J^J pukul to strike, ^.^siki taiigkap io c?^{.ch.•, intransitive, as ^\>~ jdlan
to walk, jAJ iidor to sleep ;
iLki tuiiggu to guard, keep, or to dwell.
or ambiguous, as ^1 ajar to teach or to learn,
The derivative verb is either the primitive determined to a transitive
or intransitive sense by the application of particles, or it is a verb con-
stituted by means of those particles from other parts of speech, as nouns,
adjectives, and adveibs. In conversation the primitive verb is frequently
employed to express both the transitive and intransitive sense, where a
more correct style would require, the derivative, in order to avoid the
ambiguity of meaning to which verbs of that description are liable, as
in the instance of fc tegga to stand, or to set up, where the latter sense
would be more clearly expressed by the same verb in its derivative form,
CC^ menegga.
The particles used to denote the transitive are either prefixed, or an'
nexed, or both.
The prefixed particles are ^ mcn^ ^e vicng, *^ mem, and * me,
being in fact varieties of one and the same particle modified according
to the letter with which the primitive Avord begins, in order to render
the pronunciation more grateful to the ear.
The annexed particles are