A grammar of the Malayan language, with an introduction and praxis..

68 A GRAMMAR OF THE
the verb substantive ^\ ada, as ^x^ J\ i_jj
dij/a ada mandi she is bathing,
.JU-.> J\ f j_H'^ di'orayig ada ber-jdlan they are -walking. It must be
remarked, however, that the verb substantive is not confined to the pre-
sent time, but may be connected with a modal of the past, though not of
the future.
Beside these, a gerund in form as well as in sense, being in fact a verbal
uoun infinitively applied in construction, is produced, as other verbal
nouns, by prefixing to the simple verb the particle cS ka-, and annexing
the particle ^ -an,zs ^^^L iki^jJi ^,^ ^j\^ jLi' ljJ^^
matu-dn tidda
ha-lidl-an sebdb ka-Undmg-ayi-lah sdyup-nia the sun was not to be seen
by reason of the shadowing of its wings ; cJ^ uj^"^ 't*. *—*^ '^^ tidda apa
lajig ka-ddngar-aii Idgi nothmg was any longer to be heard; j»^ ^^JS,
j)\ ^^'^ ^^ri- kdnia bumi santidsa ka-datdng-an dyer by reason of the
earth continually imbibing water.
The past time is most commonly expressed by modals, which in the
construction of the sentence precede the verb. Those chiefly employed
are ^ telah and is^ sudah, ^jJjt, dbis and J^ Idlu, all signifying " past
or done," as J\ Jj yi\ j\ .jIj telah ada atau balum 4ida has been or is not
yet ; Jij i^ ^d diya telah ber-ldt/ej- he has sailed ; 'j_i< iju- ^\^ kdmt
sudah menang we have won ; ^y
bird has flown ; ^^j ^jJa sjw: \j^
have done working; jjjj J1
suddenly entered and then sat down.
^j^j 'c,jj burong sudah terbang the
orang sudah dbis ber-katja the men
^^U r(_->J tiha-tJba mdsiik Idlu duduk
The same words are also employed in the formation of participles of
the past, as ^J,^