A grammar of the Malayan language, with an introduction and praxis..

20 A GRAMMAR OF THE
and F, as in the words c^^! orang man, a^^ usah mindful, (_1-j1 tsap to
suck ; and also that ^
preceded hyfat-hah, instead of the diphthong ei,
sometimes takes the sound of the lona; e of the Italian and other Ian-
guages of the continent, as in ^^ yncrali red, j^ bcr suffer, jj tcr the
castle at chess, t^ balh-ang sulphur.
Where the vowel character appears doubled over or under the last
letter of a word, the Arabian grammarians mean to denote that it is to be
pronounced as if the syllable were terminated by the letter ^ nim, from
whence this form has obtained the name of j^ or nunnation, as cu tan,
,^ sin, - jon ; but no instances of this occur in any pure Malayan
word.
Of Orthograpbical Marks.
The orthographical marks which now remain to be explained are those
called ^j=~jesm, >y\:sU teshdid, jj^a hamxah, Ly xvesla, ix< jyieddah, and
CS^\ angka.
^y>-jesm or ^^ ja%am (as pronounced by the Malays) signifies ampu-
tation, and is also trrnipH uuL. ^^ .\j haris ttidti or the dead mark. Its
form is ('' or "), and being placed over any letter of a word, it denotes
that such letter is mute, dead, or deprived of the vov/el sound that
might otherwise be supposed to give it motion or utterance, and only
serves to close the syllable produced by the antecedent letter and its
supplementary vowel, forming what has been already described as a
mixed syllable, as oj bad, Ji tin, ^^J^^ sampei arrive, jjoJ tatidok horn,
«jii> b'mling a rampart. It may be applied to all letters capable other-
wise of receiving a vowel (of which this is the negation) but is never by
the Malays applied to the three weak letters, nor is the occasion for it in
their