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D:H Ratio of calicular diameter to height of a corallum
H:D Ratio of height to diameter of a corallum
LCD Lesser Calicular Diameter
PD:GCD Ratio of pedicel diameter to greater calicular diameter
Sx, Cx, Px, CSX Septa, costae, pali, or costosepta (respectively) of cycle
designated by numerical subscript
Sx > S Septa of cycle x more broad than those of
cycle y
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I dedicate this publication to the
memory of my friend and fellow Smithsonian curator, J.
Laurens Barnard (1928-1991). Much better known as an
amphipod taxonomist and even as an amateur ornithologist,
Jerry Barnard co-authored one paper on scleractinian corals
early in his career (Durham and Barnard, 1952), which has
served as the basis for coral taxonomy of the eastern Pacific.
I especially thank Yoshihisa Shirayama (ORI) for allowing
me to study the diverse deep-water coral collections made off
southern Japan by the R/V Tansei Maru. I am also very grateful
to Helmut Zibrowius (Station Marine d'Endoume) and Harry
Filkorn (Kent State University) for their meticulous efforts in
reviewing this manuscript.
I would like to thank the following people who have
generously loaned me specimens used in this study: N. Foster
(UA), J.A. Fournier (NMCIC), B.W. Hoeksema (RMNH), C.
Hussey (BM), A. Johnston (MCZ), N.B. Keller (IOM), E.
Kools and G. Williams (CAS), E. Kritscher (NMW), D.H.H.
Kiihlmann (ZMB), P. Lambert and J.A. Cosgrove (RBCM),
E.A. Lazo-Wasem (YPM), D. Lindberg (UCPM), S.R. Luke
(SIO), P.H. Scott (SBMNH), O.S. Tendal (ZMC), and R.W.M.
van Soest (ZMA).
The scanning electron photomicrographs were taken in the
SEM Laboratory of the National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Instituion. Figure 2 was drawn by staff illustrator
Molly Ryan.
Historical Resumes
TEMPERATE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC (Table 1).—The earliest
report of a scleractinian from the temperate northeastern
Pacific appears to have been the original description of
Balanophyllia elegans Verrill, 1864, from off northern California.
That this should have been the first species reported is not
unexpected because it is one of only three shallow-water
species known from this region and it has a very colorful polyp.
Shortly thereafter, Verrill (1869) described the second of the
three shallow-water species, Paracyathus stearnsii, from off
Monterey, California.
All subsequent records from this region are listed in Table 1,
only the larger taxonomic papers or series of papers being
discussed below. The first comprehensive review of the eastern
Pacific Scleractinia was that of Durham (1947), who reported
the corals from the E. W. Scripps Expedition to the Gulf of
California made in 1940. Durham expanded his revision to the
coral fauna north of the Gulf as well, including 15 records of
species from the temperate northeastern Pacific, including
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
seven new species: Astrangia lajollaensis (= A. haimei),
Cyathoceras (= Labyrinthocyathus) quay lei, Paracyathus
montereyensis, Lophelia californica (= L. pertusa), Flabellum
(= Polymyces) montereyensis, Dendrophyllia californica, and
Balanophyllia cedrosensis. Type and nontype material reported
in this paper are deposited primarily at the University of
California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), but some are
also represented in the collections of the CAS and USNM.
The most comprehensive review of the eastern Pacific
Scleractinia was that of Durham and Barnard (1952), who
based their new records on the collections of the Velero III and
IV. Although they listed 98 species from the eastern Pacific,
only 13 of these species pertain to the temperate northeastern
Pacific as defined herein, including the description of four new
species: Cyathoceras (= Crispatotrochus) foxi, Dendrosmilia
nomlandi (= Lophelia pertusa), Nomlandia californica, and
Flabellum tannerense (= Polymyces montereyensis). Their type
and nontype specimens were transferred from the Allan
Hancock Foundation Museum to the Santa Barbara Museum of
Natural History in 1990.
In a series of three papers, Keller (1976, 1977, 1981a)
reported new records of Fungiacyathus, Leptopenus, and
Caryophyllia, respectively, from bathyal and abyssal depths (to
6328 m) along the northern rim of the North Pacific from off
Oregon to off Japan. Both Fungiacyathus marenzelleri and
Leptopenus discus were reported for the first time from the
temperate northeastern Pacific, but under different names. Her
reports of Caryophyllia ambrosia and C. alaskensis are
discussed in the text. Many of her Vityaz specimens were
examined on loan from the IOM in 1991, but some voucher
specimens are also deposited at the USNM.
Following the natural history observations of Gerrodette
(1979, 1981) on the distribution and planular dispersal of
Balanophyllia elegans, Fadlallah produced an excellent series
of papers on the natural history of the three common,
shallow-water temperate northeastern Pacific species: Astrangia
lajollaensis (= A. haimei), Balanophyllia elegans, and
Paracyathus stearnsii (see Fadlallah, 1982, 1983b; Fadlallah
and Pearse, 1982a,b). Included in these papers are fascinating
observations on reproductive ecology, sex ratios, periodicity of
sexual cycles, planular sizes, growth rates, longevity, and
population density of adult coralla.
Bythell (1986) published a fine identification guide to the 17
species occurring off Southern California (32°-35°N), his new
records coming from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Invertebrate Collection. Bythell included a key to the genera of
this region and many useful illustrations, including some of the
polyps and nematocysts.
Checklists and fieldguides too numerous to mention have
included Scleractinia from the northeastern Pacific, all invariably
including a reference to B. elegans. Although not listed in
Table 1, some of these references are Ricketts and Calvin
(1952), Guberlet (1962), Johnson and Snook (1967), Hand
(1975), Brusca and Brusca (1978), Lewbel et al. (1981),