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48
and 15-19 pali) thus appears to a function of size, additional
sectors and pali first forming near the end-sectors.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—TM (KT9202, YT2), 1, USNM
93675, 1, ORI. Previous Records: The type specimens were
unavailable for study.
TYPES.—Two syntypes are presumed to be deposited at the
Biological Laboratory of the Imperial Household, Tokyo
(#852). Type Locality: Off Jogashima, 1.4 km west of the
Lighthouse, Sagami Bay, 52-56 m.
DISTRIBUTION.—Sagami Bay; Colnett Strait, Osumi Shoto,
northern Ryukyu Islands; 52-98 m.
Caryophyllia (C.) ambrosia ambrosia Alcock, 1898
PLATE 2\d-h
?Caryophyllia scillaeomorpha Alcock. 1394:186; 1898:13. pi. 1: figs. 3, 3a.
Caryophyllia ambrosia Alcock, 1898:12, pi. 1: Tigs. 1, la.—Zibrowius,
1980:63-65, pi. 25: figs. A-K [synonymy].—Keller, 1981a:15-16 [in part:
Akademik Kurchatov station 441 ].
Caryophyllia cf. alcocki.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b: 120, pi. 10: fig. 8.
"Unidentified solitary coral."—Okutani, 1969:12, pi. 1: fig. 7.
Caryophyllia ambrosia ambrosia.—Cairns, 1979:59.—Cairns and Keller,
1993:234, fig. 3H.
DESCRIPTION.—Corallum cornute and free, pedicel invariably
curved about 90° and terminating in a narrow point or
worn nub. Largest specimen examined (Alb-4960) 31.4 x 26.1
mm in calicular diameter and 26 mm in height. Costae equal,
broad, and flat; separated by thin, shallow intercostal striae; and
covered with low, rounded granules. Primary costae slightly
ridged at calicular margin. Lower half to two-thirds of theca
usually discolored or eroded, the costae being well preserved
only within 5-7 mm of calicular edge. Corallum otherwise
white.
Septa arranged in 3 size classes, with a tendency of most
specimens examined to have 18-20 primary, 18-20 secondary,
and 36-40 tertiary septa (72-80 total). Smaller specimens
(e.g., those of Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b) of only 19 mm
GCD have only 12 primary septa (48 septa total); specimens of
24-26 mm GCD (e.g., the syntypes) have 14-16 primary septa
(56-64 total septa). Primary septa highly exsert (up to 6 mm)
and have straight, vertical inner edges that do not quite reach
the columella. Secondary septa are the smallest septa, only 1-2
mm exsert, three-quarters width of a primary, and have a
sinuous inner edge. Tertiary septa 2-3 mm exsert (pairs fused
to each adjacent primary septa at calicular edge) and equal to or
slightly wider than the flanked secondary septum. Each
secondary septum bordered internally by a high, granular,
sinuous palus, usually wider (about 5 mm) than the secondary
septum it borders. Total number of pali in palar crown
corresponds to the number of secondary (or primary) septa in
the calice, which is, in turn, correlated to the GCD. Fossa
moderate in depth, containing a well-developed, elongate
fascicular columella, composed of broad, closely adjacent
elements.
DISCUSSION.—Caryophyllia ambrosia belongs to a group of
five species (see Cairns, 1991a, table 3) characterized by
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
having relatively large, cornute, unattached coralla and three
size classes of nonhexamerally arranged septa, the total usually
exceeding 48: C. seguenzae Duncan, 1873; C. ambrosia
Alcock, 1898 (?= C. scillaeomorpha Alcock, 1894); C.
planilamellata Dennant, 1906; C. grandis Gardiner and Waugh,
1938; and C. valdiviae Zibrowius and Gili, 1990. Caryophyllia
ambrosia is distinguished from the other four species by having
tertiary septa that are wider than their secondary septa and very
broad columellar elements. There is little doubt that Yabe and
Eguchi's (1942b) Caryophyllia cf. alcocki is simply an
immature specimen of this species.
Caryophyllia ambrosia occurs from the western Atlantic
eastward to Honshu, Japan (Cairns, 1979; Zibrowius, 1980;
Cairns and Keller, 1993); however, a separate subspecies, C.
ambrosia caribbeana Cairns, 1979, was distinguished for the
tropical western Atlantic populations. Likewise, North Pacific
specimens differ from typical Indian Ocean specimens in
having a tendency to have more septa and pali, i.e., usually
72-80 septa and 18-20 pali. The typical form is not known to
have more than 72 septa and 18 pali (Zibrowius, 1980). This
may ultimately warrant the naming of another subspecies for
the North Pacific specimens.
Caryophyllia scillaeomorpha Alcock, 1894 antedates C.
ambrosia by four years and appears to be conspecific, but until
the types are examined I hesitate to make this synonymy,
especially because of its unusually shallow depth of occurrence
(196 m).
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: Alb-4959, 1,
USNM 92791; Alb-4960, 1, USNM 92792; Alb-4969, 1, CAS
15259; TM (KT8916, T3-2), 2, USNM 92793; TM (KT9202,
YT6), 17, USNM 92794, 3, ORI. Previous Records: 2
syntypes of C. ambrosia from Laccadive Sea, 1070 fms,
USNM 18157; specimens reported from eastern Atlantic by
Zibrowius (1980), USNM and MNHNP; C. alcocki of Yabe
and Eguchi (1942b), Soyo Maru-223, TIUS 53625 (Plate 21 e).
TYPES.—Two hundred syntypes of C. ambrosia are presumably
deposited at the Indian Museum, Calcutta; two are also
deposited at the USNM (18157, Plate 2\d,g); and several
specimens are at the MNHNP. Type Localities: Investigator
station 104: 11 ° 12'47"N, 74°25'30"E, 1829 m (Elicapeni Bank,
Laccadive Sea, Arabian Sea) and Investigator station 176:
1 l°47'06"N, 73°57'3O"E (Laccadive Sea), 1957 m.
The holotype of C. scillaeomorpha is presumed to be
deposited at the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Type Locality:
Investigator station 170: 13°01'06"N, 8O°36'56"E (off
Madras, Bay of Bengal), 196 m.
DISTRIBUTION.—Japan: Pleistocene of Okinawa, Naha limestone,
2, USNM 88678. Recent: off Sagami Bay and
southeastern Honshu; Miyaki-jima; mouth of Bungo Strait;
Osumi Shoto, northern Ryukyu Islands; 311-2450 m. Elsewhere:
Amphi-Atlantic, Indian Ocean; 430-2670 m.
Caryophyllia (C.) laevicostata Moseley, 1881
Caryophyllia laevicostata.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1932a:388.
Caryophyllia sp.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b: 162.