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66
with that species (Cairns, 1989a), but may still be referred to as
the "japonicus" growth form.
Good descriptions of the typical form of this species are
given by Yabe and Eguchi (1937), Cairns (1989a), and Cairns
and Parker (1992). A complete synonymy is given by Cairns
(1989a).
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records of Typical
Form: Alb-3708,9, USNM 92754; Alb-4807,2, CAS 80912;
Alb-5071, 6, USNM 81827; TM (KT7802, B), 1, USNM
92755; TM (KT78-11, OT1), 2, USNM 92756; TM (KT78-11,
OT6), 43, USNM 92757; TM (CR79-1), 31, USNM 92758; TM
(KT9015, BS1), 2, USNM 92759; TM (KT9015, BS2), 3,
USNM 92760; TM (KT9015, CB1-1), 2, USNM 92761; TM
(KT9015, CB1-2), 4, USNM 92762; TM (KT9015, CB6-1), 30,
USNM 92763; TM (KT9015, HK2), 2, USNM 92764; TM
(KT9015, HK3), 13, USNM 92765; TM (KT9015, HK5), 5,
USNM 92766; TM (KT9O15, OK2), 142, USNM 92767; TM
(KT9015, OKI), 63, ORI; TM (KT9202, KB3), 2, USNM
92768; TM (KT9202, OS2), 1, USNM 92769; TM (KT9202,
OS3), 1, USNM 92770; USGS 17445, 17447, 17450, 17451,
17503, Pleistocene of Okinawi, USNM 88666-671. New
Records ofjaponicus form: ALB-3738,2, USNM 81828; TM
(KT7414, B4), 3, USNM 92917; TM (KT7818, OT10), 3,
USNM 92915, 1, ORI; TM (KT7911, OT4), 4, USNM 92916.
Previous Records: Holotype of D. italic us australiensis, BM;
holotype of D. japonicus, TIUS.
TYPES.—The holotype of Deltocyathus italicus var. australiensis
is deposited at the BM (R29255). Type Locality: 2.5
km west of Cape Otway, Victoria, Australia (Miocene).
The holotype of Deltocyathus orientalis Duncan appears to
be lost (Zibrowius, 1980). Type Locality: 34°12'N, 136°20'E
(off Owase, southeastern Honshu), 95 m.
The holotype (Plate 41/) of Deltocyathoides japonicus is
deposited at the TIUS (50091). Type Locality: Soyo Maru-21:
36°47TM, 141°14 / E (off Hitachi, Honshu), 209 m. Although
Yabe and Eguchi (1932a) did not specify the type or type
locality, a specimen captioned as the holotype from Soyo
Maru-2] was illustrated by Yabe and Eguchi (1937).
DISTRIBUTION.—Peponocyathus australiensis is the most
commonly collected and reported deep-sea coral in the
Japanese region, and also one of the most widely distributed
species worldwide (Caims, 1989a).
It is found off both the Sea of Japan and Pacific coasts of
Honshu, from Tsugaru Strait to the Eastern Channel, Korea
Strait, as well as off Shikoku and southwestern Kyushu;
59-494 m. Pleistocene of Ryukyu Islands. Elsewhere:
Widespread in Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific, including
Southern Australia and New Zealand; 44-635 m.
Peponocyathus foUiculus (Pourtales, 1868)
PLATE 28J?-*
Stephanophyllia foUiculus Pourtales, 1868:139.
Peponocyathus orientalis Yabe and Eguchi, 1932b:444-445. 15 figs. [= junior
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
secondary homonym of Deltocyathus orientalis Duncan, 1876];
1942b: 123.—Eguchi, 1974:228, pi. 70: figs. 17, 18.
Discotrochus (Cylindrophyllia) minimus Yabe and Eguchi, 1937: 146-147, pi.
20: figs. 16-22; 1942b: 118.
Kionotrochus minimus.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1941b: 102.
Cylindrophyllia minima.—Eguchi, 1965:289, 2 figs.—Kikuchi, 1968:8, pi. 5:
fig. 3.
Cylindrophyllia orientalis.—Mori and Minoura, 1983:185-191, fig. lA-O.
Peponocyathus foUiculus.—Cairns, 1979:113-115, pi. 22: figs. 1-4; pi. 20:
fig. 11 [synonymy]; 1989a:32-33 [in part: pi. 15: figs, e-h; not pi. 16: figs.
a-c, not Alb-5277, 5584, 5577, synonymy].
DESCRIPTION.—Corallum cylindrical with a flat base that
appears to be the result of transverse division. Corallum
relatively small: coralla rarely exceed 5 mm in calicular
diameter and 6.5 mm in height, adults invariably taller than
their diameter, usually having H:D greater than 1. Large
illustrated specimen (TM (KT9015, CB1-2)) 4.9 mm in
calicular diameter and 5.1 mm in height. Costae equal in width
but not uniformly wide from base to calice, being widest
(0.32-0.37 mm) near base to mid-corallum, and narrowest near
calice. Deep intercostal furrows correspondingly narrow near
base and wider near calice. Costae evenly rounded and
uniformly covered on outer and lateral edges with fine (50 urn
diameter) granules. Corallum white.
Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 cycles, the last cycle rarely
complete. Many specimens have only 1 pair of S4 in each
system for a total of 36 septa, whereas juvenile coralla usually
have only 24 septa. S1 only slightly more exsert than other
septa and have straight, vertical inner edges that fuse with the
columella. S2 about three-quarters width of an S1, each bearing
a lamellar paliform lobe about 0.4 mm wide, the 6 P2 forming
a small palar crown encircling the columella. S3 about
three-quarters width of an S2 and their inner edges usually
fused to adjacent S2; P3 were not observed in the specimens
examined. S4 about three-quarters width of an S3. Fossa
shallow to absent. Septal faces covered with prominent (up to
80 urn tall), blunt granules. Columella papillose but small.
DISCUSSION.—Peponocyathus orientalis and Cylindrophyllia
minima were names originally given and predominantly
applied to Neogene fossil specimens from the Japanese region;
however, some Recent specimens were reported under the latter
name by Yabe and Eguchi (1937, 1941b) and Kikuchi (1968).
In a detailed study of almost 800 Pleistocene specimens, Mori
and Minoura (1983) demonstrated that P. orientalis and C.
minima were synonymous, the former name generally applying
to specimens having 30-48 septa, the latter to smaller
specimens with only 24 septa. They also stated that septal
number was controlled by intrinsic genetic factors and was thus
not a function of size, with 24 and 36 being the bimodal
distribution of this character. I (Cairns, 1989a) synonymized
the Japanese species with P. foUiculus and still maintain their
equivalence; however, the Japanese specimens are, in general,
larger than those from the Atlantic and tend to have more S4. If
the Japanese populations are found to be a separate species, its
correct name would be Peponocyathus minimus (Yabe and