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32 2 prototheca secondary eDitheca FIGURE 3.—Cross-section diagram of two stages of rootlet development in Polymyces montereyensis. A (top). Early stage of rootlet development characterized by relatively wide outer ring (= 12 rootlets) and only three septal cycles (see Plate lie). B (bottom). Later development characterized by a narrower outer ring (24 rootlets) and four septal cycles. Location of pores through which rootlets communicate to polyp indicated by ellipses. externally as slightly convex, longitudinal strips near the coral lum base that often alter the architecture of the epitheca; however, in larger coralla the pedicel is secondarily reinforced SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY with peripheral stereome and thus rootlets are seen only in cross section of the pedicel. Rootlets can also be seen in a calicular view of juvenile coralla, in which the paired pores leading to the rootlets flanking each S3 are visible within the corallum. MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: Alb-2895, 1, USNM 92616; Alb-2977, 1, USNM 83528; Alb-4431, 1, USNM 83528; SEPBOP 18B-764, 1, USNM 83521; Zaca-42, 1, CAS 80931. Previous Records: Holotype, paratypes, and nontypes of/ 7 , montereyense Durham, 1947 [Alb-4543 (USNM M547409), 4550 (= /. californica, USNM M547411), 4551 (ex USNM M547410, now USNM 92617)]; holotype of F. tannerense. TYPES.—The holotype (Plate 1 \a,b) of F. montereyense is deposited at the USNM (M547406). Two paratypes also exist: one deposited at the USNM (Alb-4551, USNM M547407, = J. californica) and one at the CAS (loc. 21810, CAS 7852). Type Locality: Alb-4543: 36°45'N, 121 "SS'W (west of Point Pinos Lighthouse, Monterey Bay), 97-170 m. The holotype (Plate 1 \d,e) and paratype of F. tannerense are both deposited at the SBMNH, the holotype numbered 35562 (ex AHF 22). Type Locality: Velero 1348-41: Tanner Bank, off Southern California, 82-84 m; however, Velero 1348-41 is given as 33° 16X 118°15'W (off southeastern Santa Catalina) at 212 m in the station log. DISTRIBUTION.—Channel Islands, including Cortes and Tanner Banks, to Monterey Bay; off Cape Blanco, Peru; 69-212 m. Suborder DENDROPHYLLIINA Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Balanophyllia Wood, 1844 DIAGNOSIS.—Corallum solitary, turbinate to trochoid, fixed or free. Costae usually well developed. Synapticulotheca especially well developed near calice. Septa arranged in a Pourtales Plan. Pali may or may not be present; columella invariably spongy. Azooxanthellate; variable in depth range. TYPE SPECIES.—Balanophyllia calyculus Wood 1844, by monotypy. Balanophyllia elegans Verrill, 1864 PLATE 12a-/ Balanophyllia elegans Verrill, 1864:44; 1870a:511-512, pi. 10: fig. 3; 1870b:560.—Whiteaves, 1886:115.—<strong>Hi</strong>ckson, 1917:24.—Durham, 1947:41, pi. 1: figs. 7, 8, 11, 12; pi. 10: figs. 3, 4, text-fig. 2A; 1949: 142-145, 161, text-figs. 3, 17-7, pi. 5: figs. 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15.—Durham and Barnard, 1952:99-100, pi. 14: fig. 62a-c.—Ricketts and Calvin, 1952:37, pi. 6: fig. 5.—Emerson, 1956:394.—Hertlein and Emerson, 1960:84, pi. 19: figs. 24, 19-21, pi. 24: figs. 4, 5, 8, 13, 15-17.—Guberlet, 1962:53, figure.—Addicott, 1966, pi. 1: figs. 25, 26.—Johnson and Snook, 1967:109, pi. 3: fig. 87.—Talmadge, 1972:81, fig.—Hand, 1975:93.— Brusca and Brusca, 1978:54, fig. 30.—Gerrodette, 1979:227-234; 1981:611-618.—Lewbel et al., 1981:165.—Fadlallah and Pearse, 1982a:223-230. 9 figs.—Fadlallah, 1983a: 132; 1983b:20O-2O6, 7 figs — Austin. 1985: 81.—Bythell, 1986:20, pi. 3: fig. B; pi. 11: figs. A-F — Kozloff, 1987:72.—Hellberg, 1991:30.—Cairns et al., 1991:48.— Chadwick, 1991:42-47.
NUMBER 557 33 DESCRIPTION.—Corallum cylindrical to trochoid, often short and squat, but occasionally taller and more vasiform. Pedicel robust: PD:GCD = 0.50-0.80; base polycyclic (Durham, 1949). Largest specimen examined (Alb-4552, Plate \2b,c) 16.8 x 13.7 mm in calicular diameter and 17.3 mm in height. Coralla invariably secondarily epithecate, the epitheca covering at least the lower third to as much as the entire underlying synapticulothecate wall. Epitheca often encrusted with coralline algae, bryozoans, and serpulids. Synapticulotheca porous; costae usually not well developed, but when present are low and rounded, separated by porous intercostal furrows about one-quarter width of a costa. Costae covered with small fine granules. Corallum white; polyp a vivid red-orange or bright red. Septa hexamerally arranged in four or five incomplete cycles. Fourth cycle (48 septa) complete at a GCD of about 7-8 mm, half the fifth cycle (72 septa) at a GCD of 11-12 mm, and up to 88 septa in the largest coralla examined; a full fifth cycle was not observed. S^_2 equal in size, only slightly exsert, and have straight, entire inner edges that attain the columella. S3 one-third to half width of Su2 and have dentate lower inner edges. Remaining septa arranged in a Pourtales Plan (Figure 2). In small coralla having no S5, each pair of S4 meet before its adjacent S3 and extends to the columella as a single septum. When pairs of S5 occur, they first occur flanking S4 that are adjacent to S.,, not those adjacent to S2 (Figure 2, lower right half-system adjacent to medial S^. At this stage the pair of S5 in each half-system unites before its adjacent S3 and also joins with the singleton S4 near the columella. After 12 pairs of S5 are inserted in this manner (72 septa), additional pairs of S5 form flanking the S4 adjacent to the S2 (Figure 2, lower right half-system adjacent to lateral S^. Inner edges of S4_5 laciniate. All septal faces finely granular. Fossa of moderate depth, containing an elongate, spongy columella, which may have a flat of concave surface. DISCUSSION.—Balanophyllia elegans is without doubt the most commonly collected and highly visible scleractinian in the northeastern Pacific and therefore has been cited in many fieldguides (see synonymy) and is one of the few azooxanthellates for which life history information is known. Durham (1947) used it as an example to explain his discovery of polycyclic development, by which he illustrated that B. elegans originally possesses an epithecal prototheca, surrounded by two concentric synapticulothecate walls, the outermost usually partially covered by another epitheca. Gerrodette (1981) published a study of larval dispersal of the species, showing it to have demersal planulae with extremely limited dispersal ability. In a study of its reproductive habits, Fadlallah and Pearse (1982a) discovered that it reproduced only sexually, had populations of equal sex ratio, and brooded large embryos to an advanced planula stage in large calicular cavities structured by its Pourtales Plan septal arrangement. Production of sperm was found to be seasonal (late summer) but oocytes were found year round in females. Population densities of 530/m 2 were reported. In a follow-up study on growth, population dynamics, and demography of B. elegans, Fadlallah (1983b) estimated coralla to have a longevity of 6-11 years, based on mortality curves and growth rates, the latter averaging 1.7 mm/year in calicular diameter, 1.8 mm/year in height, and 175 mm 3 /year in volume. Population densities ranged from 385-816 coralla/m 2 in his study area. Individuals reached reproductive maturity relatively early (less than a year) and planula mortality was relatively low. Comparisons to its neighboring species B. cedrosensis are made in the account of that species. MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: Alb-2864, 3, USNM 92620; Alb-2865, 2, USNM 29212; Alb-2876, 1, USNM 19275; Alb-2879, 2, USNM 92621; Alb-2895, 6, USNM 92622; Alb-3158, 11, USNM 92623; Alb-3159, 5, USNM 92624; Alb-3160, 3, USNM 19233; Alb-3168, 16, USNM 92625; Alb-3174, 1, USNM 36416; Alb-3443, 2, USNM 19228; Alb-3465, 1, USNM 19270; Alb-3593, 30, USNM 92626; Alb-4552, 2, USNM 92627; off Cordell Bank, 73 m, 8, USNM 92628 and CAS 74802, CAS 74834, CAS 80940, CAS 74836; Monterey Bay, 42, USNM 78640 and CAS 74810, CAS 16325, CAS 74809, CAS 74814; Moss Beach, 15, USNM 78636 and CAS 7602; off Nanaimo, B.C., 1, USNM 92629; off Banks I., B.C., 1, USNM 92630; Pleistocene of San Pedro, 1, USNM 92631; off Pigeon Point, 1, CAS 6149; Neah Bay, B.C., 3, CAS 69606; off Santa Barbara, 1, CAS 74817; 36°3TSf, m^W, 183 m, 3, CAS 74808; Snipe Bay (west coast of Baranof I.), Alaska, 3, UA; Quast Rock, La Jolla, 21 m, 15, SIO Co 1164 and 1186; Ben's Rock, Isla San Martin, Pacific coast of northern Baja California, 27 m, 8, SIO Co 1171; Islas Coronados, Pacific coast of northern Baja California, 15 m, 9, SIO Co 1170; Point Loma, 13 m, 7, SIO Co 1173; 127 specimens collected off British Columbia deposited at the RBCM, cataloged as: 973-180-2, 973-138-3, 973-251-10, 973-154-2, 973-166-2, 973-139-23, 974-230-8, 974-234-2, 974-239-2, 975-753-23, 975-772-26, 976-1040-3, 976-1238- 59, 976-111-39, 976-111-38, 977-156-10, 980-350-19, 980- 327-24, 980-381-5, 980-338-24, 980-267-29, 980-343-17, 981-212-7. Previous Records: Syntypes of B. elegans; specimen reported by Durham (1947) [Alb-4534, 1, USNM M547412; Alb-4543, 2, USNM M547414-15; Alb-4555, 1, USNMM547413]. TYPES.—Forty-two syntypes of B. elegans are deposited at the MCZ in three lots: Crescent City (old MCZ 1085, new MCZ 5472, Plate \2e,J), 3 dry syntypes; Crescent City (MCZ 223), 23 syntypes preserved in alcohol; Mendacino (MCZ 222), 16 syntypes preserved in alcohol. All syntypes were received and cataloged in the early 1860s and bear Verrill's handwriting regarding type status. Type Locality: Off Crescent City and Mendacino, California, depth unknown. DISTRIBUTION.—Pliocene: San Diego (Hertlein and Grant, 1960). Pleistocene: San Pedro, California (Addicott, 1966). Recent: Snipe Bay, Alaska to Sacramento Reef, Pacific coast of northern Baja California (29°44'N) (Gerrodette, 1979), including Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and Cortes, Tanner, and Cordell Banks. Bathymetrically known from
Page 1 and 2: Scleractinia of the Temperate North
Page 3 and 4: S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B
Page 5 and 6: Contents Page Introduction 1 Abbrev
Page 7 and 8: NUMBER 557 Stephanophyllia Michelin
Page 9: NUMBER 557 vii Flabellum (U.) apert
Page 12 and 13: D:H Ratio of calicular diameter to
Page 14 and 15: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 16 and 17: (1834:354) as Dendrophyllia semiram
Page 18 and 19: Zoogeography I. Northeastern Pacifi
Page 20 and 21: 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 30 and 31: 20 Vaughan, 1903. Caryophyllia cali
Page 32 and 33: 22 MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records
Page 34 and 35: 24 USNM 19207; Alb-3116, 24, USNM 1
Page 36 and 37: 26 TYPE SPECIES.—Nomlandia califo
Page 38 and 39: 28 Corallites ceratoid, often sligh
Page 40 and 41: 30 Scotia to Burdwood Bank (Cairns,
Page 44 and 45: 34 0-293 m (Durham, 1947), with one
Page 46 and 47: 36 height or diameter. Extratentacu
Page 48 and 49: 38 closely spaced carinae; and a lo
Page 50 and 51: 40 ratio and a more solid base, wit
Page 52 and 53: 42 MATERIAL EXAMINED.^WW Records: T
Page 54 and 55: 44 DISTRIBUTION.—Japan: Sagami Ba
Page 56 and 57: 46 in 4 complete cycles according t
Page 58 and 59: 48 and 15-19 pali) thus appears to
Page 60 and 61: 50 an S3 and have slightly sinuous
Page 62 and 63: 52 Paracyathus pruinosus Alcock, 19
Page 64 and 65: 54 shallow, containing an elliptica
Page 66 and 67: 56 separated from its septum by a r
Page 68 and 69: 58 mm in calicular diameter and 22.
Page 70 and 71: 60 A. matricidus by its broader and
Page 72 and 73: 62 TYPE SPECIES.—Phyllangia ameri
Page 74 and 75: 64 Septa hexamerally arranged in 3
Page 76 and 77: 66 with that species (Cairns, 1989a
Page 78 and 79: 68 Tropidocyathus pilots (Alcock, 1
Page 80 and 81: 70 vermiformis is easily distinguis
Page 82 and 83: 72 38-41 mm; seventh cycle graduall
Page 84 and 85: 74 figs. 2, 3.—Kikuchi, 1968:8—
Page 86 and 87: 76 TruncatoflabeUum spheniscus (Dan
Page 88 and 89: 78 crests or spurs (not spines) occ
Page 90 and 91: 80 Theca marked by thin (0.05 mm wi
Page 92 and 93:
82 inner edge being dentate to laci
Page 94 and 95:
84 Balanophyllia sp. A PLATE 40/ Ba
Page 96 and 97:
86 BalanophyIlia fistula—Yabe and
Page 98 and 99:
88 gracilis (Milne Edwards and Haim
Page 100 and 101:
90 shape. Colony obviously dead whe
Page 102 and 103:
92 6.0-6.5 x 4.0-4.5 mm in diameter
Page 104 and 105:
94 (38354). Type Locality: La Paz,
Page 106 and 107:
96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 108 and 109:
98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 110 and 111:
Abe, N. 1939. [Ecological Studies o
Page 112 and 113:
102 Marine Biology, 71:223-231, 9 f
Page 114 and 115:
104 Nishimura, S., and K. Susuki 19
Page 116 and 117:
106 1935. Notes on Some Turbinolian
Page 118 and 119:
Plates 1-42
Page 120 and 121:
110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZO
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