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58 mm in calicular diameter and 22.2 mm in height. Costae on thecal perimeter slightly convex and granular, the Cu2 being slightly wider than other costae and ridged near the calice. Corallum white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 5 cycles, the last incomplete, according to the formula: S1_2>S3>S4»S5. Large specimens (e.g., GCD > 40 mm) have only 72 septa, whereas mid-sized coralla of GCD 25-37 mm have only 64-70, and smaller coralla 18-25 mm GCD have 50-68 septa. No specimens were found with only 48 septa. Half-systems within a single specimen quite variable in development, some having 0, 2, or 4 S5. S^ highly exsert (about 5 mm), each bearing a low, oblique to almost horizontally projecting paliform lobe that extends into the columellar region. S3 slightly less exsert (3.0-3.5 mm), each also bearing a small paliform lobe but positioned slightly higher in fossa and slightly farther from columella than P^. S4 smaller still (only about 2.7 mm exsert), each bearing a wide paliform lobe which contributes to a palar crown that is located higher and farther recessed from the columella than the P3 crown. Inner edges of P4 usually bend toward and are fused to P3 near columella. S5 rudimentary, extending as narrow lamellae only partially down inner theca. When S5 are absent from a half-system, the S3 bears a wide paliform lobe equal in size and position to that of a P4. All septa have very finely sinuous inner edges and virtually smooth septal faces. All paliform lobes separated from their respective septa by broad, shallow notches. Fossa moderately deep, containing a papillose columella. DISCUSSION.—Stephanocyathus weberianus is very similar to the type-species of the subgenus, 5. (O.) coronatus (Pourtales, 1867), which is known only from the western Atlantic at 543-1250 m (Cairns, 1979). A detailed comparison, however, reveals that S. coronatus invariably has only 12 large, often complexly ornamented costal tubercles, whereas S. weberianus has 12-18 rather simple tubercles that are usually quite worn. The base of S. coronatus is usually convex and coarsely dentate (C^_2)\ that of 5. weberianus is flat and eroded. The corallum of 5. coronatus is, in general, higher in proportion to its diameter (H:D) than S. weberianus in proportion to its diameter, producing a more slender corallum with less septa. For instance, coralla containing only 48 septa are common for S. coronatus but quite rare for S. weberianus, the latter often having half-systems with a full complement of 4 S5. Finally, the S3_5 of S. coronatus are less exsert in relation to their S,_2 than in S. weberianus. Stephanocyathus weberianus is also similar to 5. nobilis (Moseley, 1873), known only from the Atlantic and western Indian Oceans at 609-2200 m (Cairns and Keller, 1993). Zou (1988) synonymized the two species, considering S. nobilis to be a cosmopolitan species in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. However, when closely compared, S. nobilis differs significantly in having very inconspicuous paliform lobes and in lacking costal tubercles, having only a series of large costal spines on the C^. Furthermore, its costal spines are limited to SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY the twelve C1-2, even when a half-system has all 4 S5, whereas additional costal tubercles are invariably present in specimens of 5. weberianus having the same number of septa. Stephanocyathus nohilis also has an evenly rounded, convex base, and, like S. coronatus, much more exsert S^ in relation to the remaining S3.5. The difference between 5. weberianus and S. sibogae as described by Alcock (1902a) was that the former had a swollen ring around its base, the latter, a worn base with atrophied costal tubercles. It is now clear that these conditions are within the range of variation for one species: S. weberianus. MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: Alb-4908, 1, USNM 92734; Alb-4909, 2, USNM 92735; Alb-4911, 1, USNM 92736; Alb-4957, 4, CAS 1102; Alb-4958, 1, USNM 92737; Alb-4959, 1, USNM 92738; Alb-4960, 2, USNM 92739; Alb-4969, 2, USNM 82159; Alb-4973, 3, USNM 92740; Alb-4975, 1, USNM 92741; TM (KT9202, ATI), 2, USNM 92742; TM (KT9202, YT6), 10, USNM 92743,4, ORI. Previous Records: Holotype of 5. weberianus, ZMA; Alb- 5445, 46, USNM 46819 (5. ixine of Squires, 1958). TYPES.—The holotype of S. weberianus is deposited at the ZMA (Coel. 1322). Type Locality: Siboga-2%A: 8°43.1'S, 127° 16.7'E (Timor Sea), 828 m. The holotype of 5. Sibogae is presumed to be deposited at the ZMA, but is not listed by van Soest (1979). Type Locality: Siboga-%%: 0°34.6TSf, \\9°Q%.5 f E (Makassar Strait), 1301 m. DISTRIBUTION.—First reports from off Japan: Off southeastern Honshu; Bungo Strait; off Koshiki I., southwestern Kyushu; northen Ryukyu Islands (Osumi Shoto and Tokara Retto); 715-1302 m. Elsewhere: South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Makassar Strait, Banda and Timor Seas; 206-1301 m. Conotrochus Seguenza, 1864 DIAGNOSIS.—Solitary, ceratoid to trochoid, free or attached through a small pedicel, which is often augmented by a lateral thecal attachment. Theca thick, but covered with epitheca; costae usually obscure. Septa exsert, but upper outer septal edges join the theca below upper thecal edge, forming an exsert calicular rim. Pali absent; columella prominent, composed of elongate, twisted lamellar elements. TYPE SPECIES.—Conotrochus typus Seguenza, 1864, by original designation. Conotrochus funicolumna (Alcock, 1902) PLATES 24/, 25g-l Ceratotrochus (Conotrochus) funicolumna Alcock, 1902a:93; 1902c: 11-12, pi. 1: figs. 6, 6a.—Faustino, 1927:66, pi. 9: figs. 7, 8.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b:117. pi. 9: fig. 11.—Eguchi, 1968:C38-39.—Zou, 1988:77, pi. 5: figs. 1, la. Conotrochus funicolumna.—Cairns, 1984:14, pi. 2: figs. IJ. Conotrochus sp. cf. C. funicolumna.—Cairns and Parker, 1992:22, pi. 6: figs, c, f. Ceratotrochus hiugaensis Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b:117, 146, pi. 9: fig.
NUMBER 557 59 10a,b.—Eguchi, 1965:288, 2 figs. Ceratotrochus (Conotrochus) parahispidus Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b: 118, 147-148, pi. 9: fig. 12a,b.—Eguchi, 1965:288, 2 figs; 1968:C39.—Eguchi and Miyawaki, 1975:57. DESCRIPTION.—Corallum trochoid to ceratoid, slightly curved, and usually free, but sometimes attached through a slender pedicel or attached along a small section of lower theca. One illustrated specimen (Plate 25/,/) is 13.6 x 13.0 mm in calicular diameter and 17.8 mm in height. Alcock's (1902c) figured syntype is 11.9 x 11.7 mm in calicular diameter and 13.1 mm in height. Theca thick but invariably worn, revealing coarsely granular costae covered by a thin epitheca. Upper theca projects 0.5-0.7 mm above upper, outer septal edges as a continuous rim, which is characteristic of the genus. Corallum white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 complete cycles: S1_2>S3>S4. S^ only slightly exsert above encircling thecal rim and have straight, vertical inner edges that join the columella only deep within fossa. S3 about 80% width of S^ and also have straight inner edges that fuse with the columella only lower in fossa. S4 one-quarter to one-third width of S3 and have entire inner edges that do not attain the columella. All septal faces bear very low granules, giving the impression of smooth septal faces. Fossa shallow. Columella prominent, composed of an elliptical mass of slightly swirled lamellar elements, the uppermost 5 mm remaining free of septal fusion. DISCUSSION.—Conotrochus parahispidus (Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b) was originally distinguished from C. funicolumna by having a narrower (GCD = 9.5-14 mm), elongate corallum, all other characters being similar. Having examined two syntypes of C. parahispidus, I conclude that they fall within the range of corallum shape variation of C. funicolumna and therefore suggest its synonymy. Likewise, although not examined, the holotype of Ceratotrochus hiugaensis Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b (GCD = 9.0 mm) appears to be simply a juvenile C. funicolumna. At least three other species of Conotrochus are known: C. typus Seguenza, 1864 (Miocene of Italy); C. elongatus Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b (Plio-Pleistocene of Ryukyu Islands); and C. brunneus (Moseley, 1881) (Recent, Indo-West Pacific). Conotrochus funicolumna differs from the latter, the only other Recent species, in having a larger adult corallum with more septa (^48 septa vs
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Scleractinia of the Temperate North
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S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B
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Contents Page Introduction 1 Abbrev
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NUMBER 557 Stephanophyllia Michelin
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NUMBER 557 vii Flabellum (U.) apert
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D:H Ratio of calicular diameter to
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
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(1834:354) as Dendrophyllia semiram
Page 18 and 19: Zoogeography I. Northeastern Pacifi
Page 20 and 21: 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 30 and 31: 20 Vaughan, 1903. Caryophyllia cali
Page 32 and 33: 22 MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records
Page 34 and 35: 24 USNM 19207; Alb-3116, 24, USNM 1
Page 36 and 37: 26 TYPE SPECIES.—Nomlandia califo
Page 38 and 39: 28 Corallites ceratoid, often sligh
Page 40 and 41: 30 Scotia to Burdwood Bank (Cairns,
Page 42 and 43: 32 2 prototheca secondary eDitheca
Page 44 and 45: 34 0-293 m (Durham, 1947), with one
Page 46 and 47: 36 height or diameter. Extratentacu
Page 48 and 49: 38 closely spaced carinae; and a lo
Page 50 and 51: 40 ratio and a more solid base, wit
Page 52 and 53: 42 MATERIAL EXAMINED.^WW Records: T
Page 54 and 55: 44 DISTRIBUTION.—Japan: Sagami Ba
Page 56 and 57: 46 in 4 complete cycles according t
Page 58 and 59: 48 and 15-19 pali) thus appears to
Page 60 and 61: 50 an S3 and have slightly sinuous
Page 62 and 63: 52 Paracyathus pruinosus Alcock, 19
Page 64 and 65: 54 shallow, containing an elliptica
Page 66 and 67: 56 separated from its septum by a r
Page 70 and 71: 60 A. matricidus by its broader and
Page 72 and 73: 62 TYPE SPECIES.—Phyllangia ameri
Page 74 and 75: 64 Septa hexamerally arranged in 3
Page 76 and 77: 66 with that species (Cairns, 1989a
Page 78 and 79: 68 Tropidocyathus pilots (Alcock, 1
Page 80 and 81: 70 vermiformis is easily distinguis
Page 82 and 83: 72 38-41 mm; seventh cycle graduall
Page 84 and 85: 74 figs. 2, 3.—Kikuchi, 1968:8—
Page 86 and 87: 76 TruncatoflabeUum spheniscus (Dan
Page 88 and 89: 78 crests or spurs (not spines) occ
Page 90 and 91: 80 Theca marked by thin (0.05 mm wi
Page 92 and 93: 82 inner edge being dentate to laci
Page 94 and 95: 84 Balanophyllia sp. A PLATE 40/ Ba
Page 96 and 97: 86 BalanophyIlia fistula—Yabe and
Page 98 and 99: 88 gracilis (Milne Edwards and Haim
Page 100 and 101: 90 shape. Colony obviously dead whe
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.0-6.5 x 4.0-4.5 mm in diameter
Page 104 and 105: 94 (38354). Type Locality: La Paz,
Page 110 and 111: Abe, N. 1939. [Ecological Studies o
Page 112 and 113: 102 Marine Biology, 71:223-231, 9 f
Page 114 and 115: 104 Nishimura, S., and K. Susuki 19
Page 116 and 117: 106 1935. Notes on Some Turbinolian
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Plates 1-42
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110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZO
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