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16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY some being present at the USNM (see Material Examined). Type Locality: Vityaz-6136: 53°25'N, 163°23'W (Aleutian Trench off the Fox Ids.), 4620 m. DISTRIBUTION.—Widespread in Pacific from off Peru (Vaughan, 1906b) to Colombia (Marenzeller, 1904b); off Pacific coast of Baja California, California, and Washington (Keller, 1976); Aleutian, Kurile-Kamchatka, and Japan Trenches (Keller, 1976); Shatskiy Rise (Moseley, 1881). Elsewhere: Bahamas and off Cuba (Cairns, 1979); eastern Atlantic (Zibrowius, 1980); Subantarctic and off continental Antarctica (Cairns, 1982); 300-6328 m, but most records from North Pacific fall between 3800-5000 m. Family MICRABACIIDAE Leptopenus Moseley, 1881 DIAGNOSIS.—Corallum solitary, discoidal, and free; extremely fragile. Synapticulotheca horizontal and extremely porous. Costae and septa alternate in position. Septa rudimentary, composed primarily of a series of tall spines. Pali absent; columella spiny. Polyp completely invests corallum. Exclusively azooxanthellae and deep water in habit. TYPE SPECIES.—Leptopenus discus Moseley, 1881, by subsequent designation (Wells, 1936). Leptopenus discus Moseley, 1881 PLATE la-d leptopenus discus Moseley, 1881:205-208, pi. 14: figs. 1-4; pi. 16: figs. 1-7.—Caims, 1979:37-38, pi. 3: figs. 4-7 [synonymy].—Not Leptopenus discus.—Squires, 1965:878. fig. 1 [=L. solidus Keller, 1977]; 1967:505. Leptopenus irinae Keller, 1977:38-40, pi. 1: figs. 1-4, 6, text-fig. 2. Not Leptopenus sp. cf. L. discus.— Caims, 1982:9 [= L. antarcticus Caims, 1989a]. DESCRIPTION.—Corallum discoidal and extremely fragile, the peripheral costal spines invariably broken during collection. Largest specimen 25 mm in diameter, the height varying from 1-4 mm, resulting in the relatively great range of D:H ratio of 5-17. Base flat, the costae alternating in position with septa. Septa and adjacent costae joined to one another by thin synapticular bridges, each separated by large pores up to 0.5 mm long and 0.25-0.30 mm wide. Six major costae radiate from a circular central region about 0.5 mm in diameter, each costa soon dividing twice resulting in 4 costae in each system. These 24 costae further subdivide to match the number of septa in the corallum and ultimately extend up to one-third the calicular radius beyond the synapticular region (Keller, 1977). Septa hexamerally arranged in typical micrabaciid fashion (see Cairns, 1982, text-fig. 1), usually resulting in 72 septa. S! only independent septa, bearing 4 or 5 slender, cylindrical (0.1 mm in diameter) spines up to 0.9 mm in height, united by a low septal webbing. S2 also originate at center of calice and bear 3 tall robust spines, the one closest to center quite large: up to 0.2 mm in diameter and over 1 mm in height, constituting the greatest height of the corallum. A high web unites the S2 spines. A pair of S3 diverge from each of the 6 S2 relatively near columella, their union with the S2 covered by a low canopy. Each S3 bifurcates one to three times, depending on the ontogenetic stage, resulting in 48-72 septa. Examined paratype of L. irinae from Vityaz-4\5S (USNM 92435) relatively small (calicular diameter = 11.0 mm), having only 48 septa. All septal spines are obliquely oriented towards calicular edge, never curved inward toward columella, and restricted to central portion of corallum. Columella a spinose central mound, penetrated by 10-15 trabecular spines, each spine about 0.1 mm in diameter. DISCUSSION.—Keller (1977) distinguished L. irinae from L. discus by its long costal ribs that extend one-third the radius beyond the synapticular region. Although these peripheral costae are usually lost during collection, Moseley (1881, pi. 14: figs. 1,2) clearly illustrated these costal extensions forL. discus extending at least 20% of the radius beyond the synapticular zone. The paratype from Vityaz-4158 appears to be identical to the syntypes of L. discus previously examined from the British Museum. Four other Recent species of Leptopenus are known. Leptopenus hypocoelus Moseley, 1881 is easily distinguished by its very tall corallum (D:H = about 2), its enormous S2 spines, and by having only 48 septa. Leptopenus antarcticus Caims, 1989a also differs in having a low D:H ratio (about 5), a concave base, inwardly curved septal spines, and rudimentary or absent septal canopies. Likewise, Leptopenus sp. A Cairns, 1989a, differs in having 96 septa, rudimentary or absent septal canopies, and inwardly curved septal spines. Finally, L. solidus Keller, 1977, differs in having smaller thecal pores, a much more solid base, and by having incurved spines. The seven specimens collected by Scripps vessels from four abyssal locations west of the Patton Escarpment, off northern Baja California (3599-3950 m) are only tentatively assigned to this species. All specimens were fragmentary, held together only by abundant tissue; bleaching of these specimens would have led to disarticulation of the broken fragments. MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: Melville 70-22, 3, SIO Co 1270; Melville 70-III-1, 1, SIO Co 1271; Melville 70-III-6, 1, SIO Co 1268; Horizon MET-123, 2, SIO Co 927. Previous Records: Syntype of L. discus from Challenger- 147, BM 1880.11.25.159; paratype of L. irinae from Vityaz- 4158, USNM 92435; specimens reported by Cairns (1979). TYPES.—Four syntypes of L. discus collected from three Challenger stations (147, 157, and 323) are deposited at the BM, the specimen from Challenger-\41 cataloged as: BM 1880.11.25.159. Type Locality: Southern Indian Ocean and southwest Atlantic; 2926-3566 m. The holotype and 12 paratypes (Plate Id) of L. irinae Keller, 1977 are deposited at the IOM. The holotype was collected from V7ryaz-6143, the paratypes from Vityaz stations 4158, 5603, and 6142. One paratype from Vityaz-4\5& is also deposited at the USNM (92435). Type Locality: S
NUMBER 557 17 163°00'W (Aleutian Trench), 4820 m. DISTRIBUTION.—?Off Baja California (west of Patton Escarpment); off Washington (Keller, 1977); Aleutian and Kurile Trenches (Keller, 1977); 3599-500 m. Elsewhere: Northeast of Cuba (Cairns, 1979); off Rio de la Plata, Argentina (Moseley, 1881); near Crozet Island (Moseley, 1881); 2842- 5000 m. Suborder FAVIINA Superfamily FAVIOIDEA Family RHIZANGHDAE Astrangia Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848c DIAGNOSIS.—Corallum colonial and attached, having extratentacular budding originating from stolons or a common basal coenosteum. Corallum base often polycyclic. Septa dentate. Pali absent; columella papillose. Primarily azooxanthellate and invariable found in shallow water. TYPE SPECIES.—Astrangia michelinii Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848d (= A. poculata Ellis and Solander, 1786), by subsequent designation (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1850: xliv). Astrangia haimei Verrill, 1866 PLATES 2e-g, 3a-c Astrangia haimei Verrill, 1866:330-331; 1870a:526-527, pi. 9: figs. 6, 6a.—Marenzeller, 19O4b:75— Durham and Barnard, 1952:71-72, pi. 6: fig. 30.—Squires, 1959:415-418 [synonymy]. Astrangia sp.—Johnson and Snook, 1927:108; 1967:108-109, fig. 86. Astrangia insignifica.—Ricketts and Calvin, 1939:39, 264. Astrangia lajollaensis Durham, 1947:28-29, pi. 2: figs. 14, 15, 18, 20, 21; 1949: 151, pi. 5: figs. 9, 14, text-figs. 5. 6.—Durham and Barnard, 1952:74-75, pi. 7: fig. 34.—Ricketts and Calvin, 1952:37.—Fadlallah, 1982:379-387, figs. 3, 6; 1983a:139.—Bythell, 1986:13, pi. 2: fig. B; pi. 4: figs. A-B.—Cairns et al., 1991:46.—Chad wick, 1991:42-47. DESCRIPTION.—Colonies encrust rocks and bivalve shells, the largest colony reported (Fadlallah, 1982) 1.75 m 2 in surface area, constituting approximately 14,000 corallites. Smaller colonies circular in outline (e.g., Plate 2/: 25 cm 2 and 90 corallites) and reptoid colonies are more common. Corallites cylindrical, rarely more than 6 mm in height and 3-6 mm in calicular diameter, the larger corallites typical of the northern (e.g., Monterey Bay) range of the species. Corallites at edge of colony invariably strongly inclined outward, their outer edges often flush with common coenosteum. Corallite base polycyclic, often consisting of 5 thecal rings (Durham, 1949). Costae well defined: broad (0.35-0.40 mm), slightly convex, and granular, separated by very thin intercostal striae. Corallum light brown, the color more intense at the calice. Polyps orange or coral-red, with white-tipped tentacles (Johnson and Snook, 1967). Septal complement variable, depending on size and location of corallite within colony. Large, centrally-placed corallites have septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles (48 septa) according to the formula: S1>S2.3»S4. However, most corallites lack pairs of S4 in several half-systems, and smaller peripherally located corallites usually have only 24-36 septa. S, slightly exsert and only about 1 mm wide, their vertical to slightly inclined inner edges divided into 4 or 5 narrow, granular lobes or teeth that merge imperceptibly with the columella. S2.3 only slightly less exsert and as wide as the Sv having similarly dentate inner edges. Each pair of S3 bend toward their adjacent S2, with a tendency to resemble the Pourtales Plan, as mentioned by Durham and Barnard (1952). S4 rudimentary, much smaller than S2.3, and have laciniate inner edges. All septal faces highly granular, the largest granules occurring on septal teeth. Fossa relatively deep and large. Columella consists of a flat to slightly concave field of fine (80-100 |im in diameter) papillae similar in size and shape to lower septal teeth. DISCUSSION.—It is not my goal to resolve the "Astrangia problem," as Squires (1959:416) phrased it, i.e., the validity of the 21 nominal Astrangia species described from the eastern Pacific. Fadlallah (1982) is probably correct in assuming that there is only one species of Astrangia north of Baja California and that it is A. lajollaensis (= A. haimei). The species problem more accurately pertains to those species occurring in the tropical eastern Pacific, particularly those described from the Gulf of California. However, a direct comparison of the lectotype of A. haimei to the holotype of A. lajollaensis shows no significant differences and thus A. lajollaensis is considered a junior synonym of A. haimei, as first suggested by Squires (1959). Nonetheless, the northern populations of A. haimei, previously referred to as A. lajollaensis, are in general, more robust than those to the south. In a detailed study of the reproduction of A. lajollaensis (= A. haimei), Fadlallah (1982) reported that it had separate sexes that broadcast large numbers of gametes in an annual cycle, as well as extratentacular budding of contiguous corallites to form colonies. Furthermore, he predicted that a colony 1 m 2 would be 46-383 years old, the range depending on differing assumptions for the average rate of budding per year, which he estimated to vary from 0.12-1.0 bud/corallite/year. MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: Monterey wharf, 1 colony, CAS 74819; Anacapal., 1 colony, CAS 74812; various Channel Islands, USNM 62489-92 and SIO Co 1167; Monterey breakwater, 1 colony, USNM 89300; Ensenada, 4 corallites, USNM 19198; off La Jolla, 10 colonies, SIO Co 1174, 1186; off San Onofre, CA, 4 colonies, SIO Co 980; off Coronado I., Gulf of California, 1 colony, SIO Co 1170. Previous Records: Lectotype of A. haimei; 1 colony from Zorritos, Peru, USNM 92451 (Verrill, 1870a); Bay of Panama, 1, USNM 22087 (Marenzeller, 1904b); holotype of A. lajollaensis Durham, 1947. TYPES.—The lectotype of A. haimei, designated by Durham and Barnard (1952:71), is deposited at the YPM (598a) (Plate 3d). About 15 paralectotypes are also deposited at the YPM,
Page 1 and 2: Scleractinia of the Temperate North
Page 3 and 4: S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B
Page 5 and 6: Contents Page Introduction 1 Abbrev
Page 7 and 8: NUMBER 557 Stephanophyllia Michelin
Page 9: NUMBER 557 vii Flabellum (U.) apert
Page 12 and 13: D:H Ratio of calicular diameter to
Page 14 and 15: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 16 and 17: (1834:354) as Dendrophyllia semiram
Page 18 and 19: Zoogeography I. Northeastern Pacifi
Page 20 and 21: 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 30 and 31: 20 Vaughan, 1903. Caryophyllia cali
Page 32 and 33: 22 MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records
Page 34 and 35: 24 USNM 19207; Alb-3116, 24, USNM 1
Page 36 and 37: 26 TYPE SPECIES.—Nomlandia califo
Page 38 and 39: 28 Corallites ceratoid, often sligh
Page 40 and 41: 30 Scotia to Burdwood Bank (Cairns,
Page 42 and 43: 32 2 prototheca secondary eDitheca
Page 44 and 45: 34 0-293 m (Durham, 1947), with one
Page 46 and 47: 36 height or diameter. Extratentacu
Page 48 and 49: 38 closely spaced carinae; and a lo
Page 50 and 51: 40 ratio and a more solid base, wit
Page 52 and 53: 42 MATERIAL EXAMINED.^WW Records: T
Page 54 and 55: 44 DISTRIBUTION.—Japan: Sagami Ba
Page 56 and 57: 46 in 4 complete cycles according t
Page 58 and 59: 48 and 15-19 pali) thus appears to
Page 60 and 61: 50 an S3 and have slightly sinuous
Page 62 and 63: 52 Paracyathus pruinosus Alcock, 19
Page 64 and 65: 54 shallow, containing an elliptica
Page 66 and 67: 56 separated from its septum by a r
Page 68 and 69: 58 mm in calicular diameter and 22.
Page 70 and 71: 60 A. matricidus by its broader and
Page 72 and 73: 62 TYPE SPECIES.—Phyllangia ameri
Page 74 and 75: 64 Septa hexamerally arranged in 3
Page 76 and 77:
66 with that species (Cairns, 1989a
Page 78 and 79:
68 Tropidocyathus pilots (Alcock, 1
Page 80 and 81:
70 vermiformis is easily distinguis
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72 38-41 mm; seventh cycle graduall
Page 84 and 85:
74 figs. 2, 3.—Kikuchi, 1968:8—
Page 86 and 87:
76 TruncatoflabeUum spheniscus (Dan
Page 88 and 89:
78 crests or spurs (not spines) occ
Page 90 and 91:
80 Theca marked by thin (0.05 mm wi
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82 inner edge being dentate to laci
Page 94 and 95:
84 Balanophyllia sp. A PLATE 40/ Ba
Page 96 and 97:
86 BalanophyIlia fistula—Yabe and
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88 gracilis (Milne Edwards and Haim
Page 100 and 101:
90 shape. Colony obviously dead whe
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92 6.0-6.5 x 4.0-4.5 mm in diameter
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94 (38354). Type Locality: La Paz,
Page 106 and 107:
96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 108 and 109:
98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 110 and 111:
Abe, N. 1939. [Ecological Studies o
Page 112 and 113:
102 Marine Biology, 71:223-231, 9 f
Page 114 and 115:
104 Nishimura, S., and K. Susuki 19
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106 1935. Notes on Some Turbinolian
Page 118 and 119:
Plates 1-42
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110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZO
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