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44 DISTRIBUTION.—Japan: Sagami Bay to Izu Bay, Honshu; Osumi Shoto, northern Ryukyu Islands; Kagoshima Bay and off Amakusa Island, Kyushu; off Mishima, Eastern Channel, Korea Strait; 15-366 m. Elsewhere: Moluccas; Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal; 161-71509 m. Moseley's (1881) specimen from 1509 m is correctly identified but clearly was dead when dredged. It seems unlikely that C. axillaris would occur at such a great depth. Likewise, although the identity of Alcock's (1898) record from 810 m has not been verified, it would also seem to be too deep for this species based on all other known records. Family ANTHEMIPHYLLIIDAE Anthemiphyllia Pourtales, 1878 DIAGNOSIS.—Solitary, patellate or discoidal, and free. Septotheca thick: porcellaneous or costate. Septal edges lobate to laciniate. Pali absent; colurnella papillose. TYPE SPECIES.—Anthemiphyllia patera Pourtales, 1878, by monotypy. Anthemiphyllia dentata (Alcock, 1902) PLATE \id-f Discotrochus dentatus Alcock, 1902a: 104; 19O2c:27, pi. 4: figs. 26, 26a.— Yabe and Eguchi, 1932b:443; 1937a: 143-145, pi. 20: fig. 15a-c. ?Discothrochus [sic] sp.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1937:145-146. Anthemiphyllia dentata.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b: 128-129.—Eguchi, 1968:C29-30, pi. C6: figs. 12-21.—Not Cairns, 1984:11 [= undescribed species].—Best and Hoeksema, 1987:398-399, fig. 9a-c.—Cairns and Parker, 1992:16-17. fig. 4e,f [synonymy].—Caims and Keller, 1993:233, fig. 3E. Anthemiphyllia dentatus.—Eguchi. 1965:285. 2 figs. ?Anthemiphyllia sp..—Eguchi, 1968:C30-31, pi. C9: figs. 13. 14. Deltocyathus andamanicus.—Keller, 1982:52 [in part: pi. 1 [= 4]: figs. 3, 4). DISCUSSION.—Anthemiphyllia dentata is a widespread species known from the western Indian Ocean to off Japan, the latter being the northernmost range for the species. It has been widely reported (Yabe and Eguchi, 1937, 1942b) from off southern Japan from moderate depths (50-499 m). The three specimens reported herein (1 fossil, 1 badly preserved, and 1 juvenile) do not add to the previous descriptions of the species given by Alcock (1902a) and Cairns and Parker (1992), and the fine illustrations published by Yabe and Eguchi (1937) and Eguchi (1968). Anthemiphyllia dentata is distinguished from the three other Recent species in the genus by attaining a fifth cycle of septa at a relatively small calicular diameter, ultimately attaining a large (up to 27 mm) calicular diameter, and in having finely dentate to laciniate septal margins. MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: Pleistocene: USGS 17455 (south of Tomari, Okinawa, Shimijin marl), 2 fragments, USNM 88435; Recent: Alb-5094, 1, USNM 92667; TM (KT9202, OS3), 1, ORI. TYPES.—Seven syntypes of D. dentatus are deposited at the ZMA (Coel. 716-718) (van Soest, 1979). Type Local- SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ity: Sibof>a stations 95, 98, 100 (Sulu Sea), 350-522 m. DISTRIBUTION.—Pleistocene of Ryukyu Islands off Kikaijima and Okinawa. Recent: Japan: southeastern Honshu from Sagami Bay to Kii Strait; off eastern Shikoku and southern Kyushu; Sea of Japan, Oki Strait; 50-499 m. Elsewhere: Sulu Sea (Alcock, 1902a), Philippines (Keller, 1982), Banda Sea (Best and Hoeksema, 1987), southern Australia (Cairns and Parker, 1992), Maldives, Arabian Sea, Saya de Malha; 75-560 m. Anthemiphyllia frustum, sp. nov. PLATES l&g-i, \9a,b DESCRIPTION.—Corallum tympanoid or frustum-shaped, with a flat base and a low, slightly inwardly curved theca resulting in a basal diameter slightly larger than that of calice. Holotype 9.94 mm in basal diameter, 8.96 mm in calicular diameter, and 4.71 mm in height. Costae equal in width (0.5-0.7 mm at edge of base), relatively flat, and separated by quite narrow (0.02-0.05 mm), shallow intercostal striae. Costae finely granular, 5 or 6 small (0.05 mm in diameter) rounded granules occurring across the width of a costae near corallum edge. Corallum white or reddish brown. Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 complete cycles (48 septa) in all specimens examined. S1 bear 5 or 6 massive triangular teeth, each tooth up to 1 mm in height and 0.9 mm in width, the innermost tooth being directly adjacent to columella. S2 similar to S1 in construction, but their teeth not quite as tall. Both S1 and S2 quite robust and closely spaced, measuring about 0.5 mm in thickness at calicular edge and separated by only about 0.1 mm. S3 support 4 or 5 tall, triangular teeth, each tooth up to 0.5 mm wide, but not quite as tall as those of the S-i_2- S4 bear 5 or 6 triangular teeth, which decrease in width toward columella. S3_4 about 0.35 mm in thickness. Each pair of S4 within a half-system unites before its adjacent S3 near the columella in a common triangular septal tooth about 0.2 mm wide. Orientation of faces of septal teeth is parallel to that of septal faces. All septal faces coarsely granular, except for tips of large septal teeth, which are smooth. Columella papillose, composed of 10-15 massive, rounded, finely granular papillae. DISCUSSION.—Anthemiphyllia frustum is readily distinguished from A. patera Pourtales, 1878; A. dentata (Alcock, 1902); and A. pacifica Vaughan, 1907, by: its frustum-shaped corallum (the other three species are bowl-shaped); its limitation to 48 septa (the other species have some or all of the fifth cycle); and its massive septal teeth, the faces of which are parallel to the septal plane, not perpendicular as in the other three species. Anthemiphyllia frustum is most similar to A. pacifica Vaughan, 1907, particularly in having the same number of septa, the same orientation and number of septal teeth per septum, and approximately the same corallum size. Anthemiphyllia pacifica differs significantly, however, in corallum shape (bowl-shaped), having much smaller S4 in relation to its S3, having broader intercostal and interseptal
NUMBER 557 45 spaces, and in having clavate, not triangular, septal teeth. ETYMOLOGY.—The species name frustum (Latin frustum, meaning "a bit," or "part"), refers to the corallum shape. In geometry, a frustum is the solid figure formed when the top of a cone is cut off by a plane parallel to the base, which is the shape of the corallum of this species. MATERIAL EXAMINED (Types).—Holotype: TM (KT9202, OS2), USNM 92668 (Plate \9a,b). Paratypes: TM (KT9202, OS2), 4, USNM 92669 (Plate \Sg-i), 1, ORI. Type Locality: 3O°59TM, 13O°32"E (Osumi Strait, southern Kyushu), 237-241 m. DISTRIBUTION.—Known only from the type locality. Suborder CARYOPHYLLIINA Superfamily CARYOPHYLLIOIDEA DIAGNOSIS.—See Part 1. Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Caryophyllia Lamarck, 1816 Subgenus Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) Lamarck, 1816 DIAGNOSIS.—See Part 1. Caryophyllia (C.) japonica Marenzeller, 1888 PLATES 4/, 19c-/ Caryophyllia (C. japonica Marenzeller, 1888b: 16.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1941b:102; 1942b:119, pi. 10: figs. 1-3.—Eguchi, 1965:285, 2 figs.; 1968:C31-32, pi. Cl 1: figs. 4-6, 10-29; pi. C23: figs. 7-9; pi. C25: figs. 5, 6; pi. C29: figs. 6, 7.—?Kikuchi, 1968:8, pi. 5: fig. 8.—Eguchi and Miyawaki, 1975:56.—Song, 1982:134, pi. 2: figs. 3-5; 1988:27, pi. 3: figs. 9-11; 1991:132-133. Caryophyllia ephyala.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1932a:388, 389. Caryophyllia arcuata.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1936:167.—Eguchi, 1938, table 2. Caryophyllia alaskensis.—Keller, 1981a:21 [in part: Vifyaz-2078, 3353, 5592, 5640], pi. 2: fig. 1. Caryophyllia ambrosia.—Keller, 198la: 15 [in part: V/ryaz-5638]. DESCRIPTION.—Corallum robust, ceratoid to trochoid, and firmly attached by a relatively slender pedicel: PD:GCD = 0.25-0.39. Calice circular to elliptical. Largest corallum examined (Alb-4982) 17.8 x 16.0 mm in calicular diameter and 18.4 mm in height, with a pedicel diameter of only 6.7 mm. Theca thick. Cl-3 sometimes slightly ridged near calice; otherwise, costae are flat with low, rounded granules or porcellaneous in texture. Corallum white. Septa hexamerally arranged in 4 complete cycles according to the formula: S1_2>S3>S4. S^ moderately exsert (1.5-2.1 mm) and have straight, vertical inner edges that merge with the columella low in fossa. S3 70%-75% width of Su2, less exsert (about 1 mm), and have sinuous inner edges. S4 less exsert and slightly less wide than S3. A crown of 12 slender, lamellar but sinuous pali occurs before the S3, each palus 1.5-2.0 mm in width. Fossa of moderate depth. Columella well developed, composed of a large elliptical field of 10-20 fused, twisted elements. The previous description was based primarily on specimens from Alb-4982 and the two syntypes. DISCUSSION.—Three species—Caryophillia japonica, C. alaskensis and C. arnoldi—form a closely related group that might well be considered as geographic subspecies of one species: C. japonica, known from Japan to the Commander Islands; C. alaskensis, from the Commander Islands (at shallower depths) to British Columbia; and C. arnoldi, from Prince William Sound, Alaska to the California Channel Islands. Caryophyllia japonica differs from the geographically adjacent C. alaskensis in much the same ways that C. arnoldi differs from C. alaskensis. Caryophyllia japonica has a more robust corallum; consistently 48, more highly exsert septa; and S4 that are only slightly less wide than the S3. Caryophyllia japonica is almost indistinguishable from its trans-Pacific cognate, C. arnoldi, differing only in having a narrower pedicel. MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: Alb-4982, 13, USNM 82158, 2, ORI; Alb-5088, 1, USNM 92676; Alb-5093, 1, USNM 92677; Academik Keldish-23\2, 4, IOM. Previous Records: 2 syntypes of C. japonica; specimens reported as C. alaskensis by Keller (1981a) from: Vityaz-2QH% (IOM), 3353 (USNM 92678, Plate 19c,/), and 5640 (IOM); specimen reported as C. ambrosia by Keller (1981a) from V/fyaz-5638, IOM (Plate 40. TYPES.—Two syntypes (Plate \9d,g,i) of C. japonica are deposited at the NMW (8168). Type Locality: "Enosima," Japan, depth unknown. Although there are several Enosima's (= Enoshima) listed in a Japanese gazetteer, the most likely is the one in Sagami Bay. DISTRIBUTION.—Throughout Japanese waters from Ishikari Bay, Hokkaido to southern Kyushu, including both Pacific and Sea of Japan coasts; off Cheju Island, Korea Strait and Sea of Japan off South Korea; Pacific coast of Kurile Islands; Commander Islands, Bering Sea; 77-1680 m, with a tendency to occur deeper in the northern range. Caryophyllia (C.) alaskensis Vaughan, 1941 ACCOUNT.—See Part 1. Caryophyllia (C.) sp. cf. C. scobinosa Alcock, 1902 PLATES 19/-/, 20a.* Caryophyllia scobinosa Alcock, 1902a:90; 19O2c:8, pi. 1: figs. 2. 2a.—Yabe and Eguchi. 1942b:119-120 [in part; not pi. 10: fig. 5].—Utinomi, 1965: 254.—Eguchi, 1965:285. fig.—Cairns and Keller, 1993:235 [synonymy]. Caryophyllia cf. scobinosa.—Utinomi, 1956:42. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS FROM TM (KT7911, OT4).— Corallum ceratoid, free, and curved about 45. Corallum 10.4 mm in calicular diameter, 17.9 mm in height, and 1.7 mm in pedicel diameter. Costae flat and granular, separated by narrow intercostal striae. Corallum white. Septa hexamerally arranged
Page 1 and 2:
Scleractinia of the Temperate North
Page 3 and 4: S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B
Page 5 and 6: Contents Page Introduction 1 Abbrev
Page 7 and 8: NUMBER 557 Stephanophyllia Michelin
Page 9: NUMBER 557 vii Flabellum (U.) apert
Page 12 and 13: D:H Ratio of calicular diameter to
Page 14 and 15: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOG
Page 16 and 17: (1834:354) as Dendrophyllia semiram
Page 18 and 19: Zoogeography I. Northeastern Pacifi
Page 20 and 21: 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 30 and 31: 20 Vaughan, 1903. Caryophyllia cali
Page 32 and 33: 22 MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records
Page 34 and 35: 24 USNM 19207; Alb-3116, 24, USNM 1
Page 36 and 37: 26 TYPE SPECIES.—Nomlandia califo
Page 38 and 39: 28 Corallites ceratoid, often sligh
Page 40 and 41: 30 Scotia to Burdwood Bank (Cairns,
Page 42 and 43: 32 2 prototheca secondary eDitheca
Page 44 and 45: 34 0-293 m (Durham, 1947), with one
Page 46 and 47: 36 height or diameter. Extratentacu
Page 48 and 49: 38 closely spaced carinae; and a lo
Page 50 and 51: 40 ratio and a more solid base, wit
Page 52 and 53: 42 MATERIAL EXAMINED.^WW Records: T
Page 56 and 57: 46 in 4 complete cycles according t
Page 58 and 59: 48 and 15-19 pali) thus appears to
Page 60 and 61: 50 an S3 and have slightly sinuous
Page 62 and 63: 52 Paracyathus pruinosus Alcock, 19
Page 64 and 65: 54 shallow, containing an elliptica
Page 66 and 67: 56 separated from its septum by a r
Page 68 and 69: 58 mm in calicular diameter and 22.
Page 70 and 71: 60 A. matricidus by its broader and
Page 72 and 73: 62 TYPE SPECIES.—Phyllangia ameri
Page 74 and 75: 64 Septa hexamerally arranged in 3
Page 76 and 77: 66 with that species (Cairns, 1989a
Page 78 and 79: 68 Tropidocyathus pilots (Alcock, 1
Page 80 and 81: 70 vermiformis is easily distinguis
Page 82 and 83: 72 38-41 mm; seventh cycle graduall
Page 84 and 85: 74 figs. 2, 3.—Kikuchi, 1968:8—
Page 86 and 87: 76 TruncatoflabeUum spheniscus (Dan
Page 88 and 89: 78 crests or spurs (not spines) occ
Page 90 and 91: 80 Theca marked by thin (0.05 mm wi
Page 92 and 93: 82 inner edge being dentate to laci
Page 94 and 95: 84 Balanophyllia sp. A PLATE 40/ Ba
Page 96 and 97: 86 BalanophyIlia fistula—Yabe and
Page 98 and 99: 88 gracilis (Milne Edwards and Haim
Page 100 and 101: 90 shape. Colony obviously dead whe
Page 102 and 103: 92 6.0-6.5 x 4.0-4.5 mm in diameter
Page 104 and 105:
94 (38354). Type Locality: La Paz,
Page 106 and 107:
96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 108 and 109:
98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOO
Page 110 and 111:
Abe, N. 1939. [Ecological Studies o
Page 112 and 113:
102 Marine Biology, 71:223-231, 9 f
Page 114 and 115:
104 Nishimura, S., and K. Susuki 19
Page 116 and 117:
106 1935. Notes on Some Turbinolian
Page 118 and 119:
Plates 1-42
Page 120 and 121:
110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZO
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Page 128 and 129:
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