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(1834:354) as Dendrophyllia semiramea, a name later synonymized
with Dendrophyllia coccinea by Van der Horst
(1922).
Material
This study is based on the examination of previously
unstudied material from nine institutional sources, herein listed
in order of decreasing size of the contribution: USNM (167
stations of the USFWS Albatross in the northeastern and
northwestern Pacific, 1888-1909), ORI (a large and diverse
collection from 41 stations of the R/V Tansei Maru cruises off
Japan, primarily cruises KT9015, KT9202, KT9309, 1974-
1993), CAS (a large collection made primarily off California
and the northwestern Pacific), RBCM (a large but not diverse
collection made off British Columbia and Alaska), SIO
(miscellaneous deep-water collections from throughout the
northeastern Pacific, primarily off California), ZMC (Mortensen's
Pacific Expedition of 1914, Japanese collections), IOM
(several unreported specimens from off the Kurile Islands),
NMCIC (several deep-water corals from off British Columbia),
and UA (several specimens in Prince William Sound, Alaska).
In addition to these unstudied collections, previously
reported specimens from the following museums were examined:
BM (Kent, 1871; Moseley, 1881; Van der Horst, 1926);
TIUS (Yabe and Eguchi, 1942a,b); CAS (Durham, 1947;
Faustino, 1931); IOM (Keller, 1976, 1977, 1981a); MCZ
(Verrill, 1864); NMW (Marenzeller, 1888b); RMNH (Milne
Edwards and Haime, 1851); SBMNH (Durham and Barnard,
1952); SIO (Bythell, 1986); UCPM (Durham, 1947; Faustino,
1931); USNM (Vaughan, 1900, 1903, 1906a,b, 1941; Williams,
1936; Durham, 1947; Owens, 1986a; Cairns, 1989a,
1991a); YPM (Verrill, 1866, 1869); ZMA (Alcock, 1902c); and
ZMB (Marenzeller, 1904a).
The examination of previously reported specimens combined
with unstudied specimens provided a good base for the
revision of the temperate North Pacific fauna, especially those
species from the northeastern Pacific. Additional records are
reported herein for 23 of the 25 species from the northeastern
Pacific, only Oculina profunda and the unusual Nomlandia
californica remaining known only from their type specimens.
Type material of 21 of the 25 species was examined, as well as
the types of the 10 junior synonyms; the four unexamined types
are presumed to be lost. The coverage of the temperate
northwestern Pacific corals was not as complete; however,
additional records of 89 of the 102 species are reported herein
and types of 64 of the 102 taxa were examined. For only four
species was no material examined, in which case a diagnosis
was abstracted from the literature, these species being:
Crispatotrochus niinoi (Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b); Trochocyathus
japonicus Eguchi, 1968; Phyllangia hayamaensis
Eguchi, 1968; and Dendrophyllia hoschmai Van der Horst,
1926.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Methods
It was attempted to provide complete species synonymies, at
least regarding records from the temperate North Pacific
region, but it is acknowledged that various checklists and
smaller publications may have been overlooked. The original
description and other significant references outside the North
Pacific are also included in the synonymies, the latter often
being a key to the extended synonymy (chresonomy) of the
species. Efforts were made to examine as many types as
possible and to verify as many of the previously published
records as possible (see "Material"), but when specimens were
not available for study and the published accounts unclear, the
synonymy entries and corresponding distribution records are
queried.
All 119 species included in this revision are described or
diagnosed, most of them based on new material (see
"Material"). Conventional scleractinian terminology is used in
describing the coralla (see Wells, 1956; Cairns, 1981, 1989a;
Figures 1, 2). One new ratio is introduced in this paper:
PD:GCD (see "Abbreviations").
After long deliberation, it was decided to present the species
account in two geographic sections rather than in a continuous
phylogenetic sequence. The reason for this was to facilitate its
use as a regional faunistic guide for either the northeastern or
northwestern Pacific, only eight species being found in
common to both regions. These eight species are presented in
detail in the first (northeastern Pacific) section of the Species
Account, and only cross referenced in the second section. The
order of the plates follows the same rationale, the first 12 plates
illustrating the northeast Pacific species, plates 13-42 illustrating
the northwest Pacific species. Specimens illustrated on
plates 40-42 are out of order due to the inclusion of a loan
received after the main sequence of plates was finished.
It is important to document which specimens were actually
examined by the author of a systematic paper and where those
specimens are deposited. To this end, I have segregated the
"Material Examined" sections into "New Records" and
"Previous Records"; the former listing previously unreported
specimens, the latter listing specimens that have been cited in
previous publications. A third category is added for some
species named "Reference Specimens," for specimens examined
of closely related but not conspecific species. In each
section each record begins with a station number followed by
the number of specimens in the lot, and finally the catalog
number and/or museum of deposition.
Holotypes and paratypes of all new species reported herein
are deposited primarily at the USNM, some paratypes also
deposited at the ORI. An effort was made to list the museum of
deposition and type locality for all senior and junior synonyms
of species treated in this account.
A detailed list of the geographic and bathymetric ranges