PDF (Hi-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

76
TruncatoflabeUum spheniscus (Dana, 1846)
PLATE 33a-d
Euphyllia spheniscus Dana, 1846:160-161, pi. 6: fig. la-e.
Flabellum debile Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848a:274.
Flabellum bairdi Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848a:274-275 [new synonymy];
1857:93.—Cairns, 1989a:66-67, pi. 33: fig. k; pi. 34: figs. a-c.
Flabellum profundum Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848a:276 [new synonym];
1857:93-94, pi. Dl: figs. 5, 5a.—Cairns, 1989a:67, pi. 34: figs. d-h.
Flabellum crenulatum Milne Edwards and Haime. 1848a:277 [new synonym];
1857:95.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b:134.
?Flabellum sumatrense Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848a:27l; 1857:89.
Flabellum affine Milne Edwards and Haime. 1848a:274.
?Flabellum stokesi.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1932b:443.
Flabellum rubrum stokesii.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1942a:98-99 [in part: pi. 8: fig.
5a-c].
?Flabellum cf. multijore.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1942a: 103, pi. 6: fig. 8a-c;
1942b: 136.
Flabellum rubrum debile.—Yabe and Eguchi, 1942b: 132-133 [in part: pi. 11:
fig. 15a-c].—NotKikuchi, 1968:8, pi. 5: fig. 13 [= TruncatoflabeUum].
TruncatoflabeUum spheniscus.—Cairns, 1989a:65-66, pi. 32: figs, g-k
[synonymy].
DESCRIPTION.—Anthocyathus robust and highly compressed
(GCD:LCD = 2.3-3.4), the planar thecal faces meeting
in rounded thecal edges that bear 1 or 2 pairs of thecal spines.
Angle of thecal edges large, 57°-88°; inclination of lateral
faces narrow, 20°-31°. Largest specimen known (holotype of
F. profundum) 50.0 x 21.0 mm in calicular diameter and 35.1
mm in height. Basal scar of anthocyathus usually large:
5.3-7.3 x 11.5-13.5 mm in diameter. Upper calicular margin
evenly arched and smooth to very finely serrate. In wellpreserved
specimens fine chevron-shaped thecal growth lines
form apices at every S.,_5. In other specimens (e.g., types of F.
profundum) growth lines are lacking but coarse longitudinal
costae corresponding to C^_3 are present. Theca reddish brown
to blackish brown in color, concentrating in bands parallel to
calicular margin.
Septa essentially hexamerally arranged in 6 cycles (192
septa), larger specimen having several pairs of S7 in end
half-systems, and smaller specimens having developmental
stages of 40, 42, 44, or 46 primary septa (S^), with a
corresponding number of S5 and S6, resulting in 160,168, 176,
or 184 septa. Primary septa (S1_4) slightly concave (notched)
near calicular margin but project well into fossa and have
slightly sinuous inner edges that thicken near the columella. S4
of small- to medium-sized specimens sometimes slightly less
wide than the S^_3, but their lower, inner edges also attain the
columella. Secondary septa (S5) only about half the width of a
secondary and do not attain the columella. Tertiary septa (= S6)
rudimentary, only about one-quarter width of a secondary.
Fossa deep and elongate, containing a well-developed columella
about 1.1-1.5 mm wide composed of the fusion of the
lower, inner edges of the S1^.
DISCUSSION.—I (Cairns, 1989a) previously included Flabellum
debile and F. affine in the synonymy of TruncatoflabeUum
spheniscus, but treated TruncatoflabeUum profundum and T.
bairdi as separate species based on their lesser number of septa
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
and/or thecal texture. These latter two species were known
from very few specimens, essentially their type series, which
led to an unavoidably typological characterization. A lot of 13
specimens from the Formosa Strait (CAS 74990), however,
allowed a study of variation as it related to corallum size, which
demonstrated the developmental stages of septal insertion
characteristic of the other nominate species.
TruncatoflabeUum spheniscus is distinguished from the
other Indo-West Pacific congeners by its high thecal edge angle
(57°-88°)and its narrow, elongate calice that results in the high
GCD:LCD of 2.3-3.4.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—New Records: TM (KT9015,
CB-00-1), 2, USNM 92796; TM (KT9015, CB-02-2), 12,
USNM 92798; TM (KT9015, HK2), 2, USNM 92799; TM
(KT9202, CB1-2), 17, USNM 92797; TM (KT9202, YT1), 5,
USNM 92800; TM (KT9202, YT2), 5, USNM 92801; off
Pescadores Islands, Taiwan Strait, 30-50 m, 5 May 1972, 13,
CAS 74990. Previous Records: 4 syntypes of F. spheniscus,
USNM; holotypes of F. bairdi, F. profundum, F. crenulatum,
and F. sumatrense; Soyo Maru-339, 1, TIUS 50228 (F. rubrum
stokesi of Yabe and Eguchi, 1942a); F. cfr. multifore of Yabe
and Eguchi (1942a), TIUS 41052.
TYPES.—The four syntypes of Euphyllia spheniscus are
deposited at the USNM (89, 91-93). Type Locality: Off
Singapore, 3-6 m.
The illustrated syntype of F. debile is deposited at the BM
(1855.12.27.2). Type Locality: Philippines, depth unknown.
The holotype of F. profundum is deposited at the MNHNP
(1026). Type Locality: "Off China," depth unknown.
The holotype of F. crenulatum is deposited at the MNHNP
(1020). Type Locality: Unknown.
The holotype of F. sumatrense is deposited at the MNHNP
(374). Type Locality: Off Sumatra, depth unknown.
The holotype of F. affine appears to be lost. Type
Locality: Sir Charles Hardy Island, Torres Strait, depth
unknown.
DISTRIBUTION.—Japan: Tosa Bay, Shikoku; Eastern Channel,
Korea Strait, Honshu; Osumi Shoto, northern Ryukyu
Islands; 66-106 m. Elsewhere: Formosa Strait, South China
Sea; off Singapore; Philippines; Torres Strait; ?off Sumatra;
2-36 m.
TruncatoflabeUum candeanum (Milne Edwards
and Haime, 1848)
PLATE 33