handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes

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Table 5.3. Test Methods for Molded Graphite Hardness (Scleroscope) Density, Porosity Electrical Resistivity Flexural Strength Compressive Strength Tensile Strength Thermal Expansion Modulus of Elasticity Ash Content Moisture Content ANSI/NEMACB1-1977 ASTM C-886 ANSI/NEMACB1-1977 ANSI C-64.1 ASTM C559-79 ASTM C 2080a ASTM C819-77 ANSI/NEMACB1-1977 ASTM C611-69(76) ANSI/NEMACB1-1977 ANSI C-64.1 ASTM C651-70(77) ASTM C695-75 ASTM C749-73(79) ASTM E228-71 (79) ASTM E111-61 (78) ANSI/NEMACB1-1977 ASTM C4561-69(79) ASTM C562-69(79) Molded Graphite 97 Testing for flexural strength is critical and the results can vary widely depending on the sample size and geometry and on the test method. [1 ' For instance, the flexural strength of a square cross-section of a molded graphite, tested in afour-pointtest fixture, can be 40% Iowerthan the measured strength of the same material with a circular cross-section tested in athree-point loading fixture. For that reason, comparing the strength of various molded graphites can be meaningless, if the test methods are different. The thermal coefficient of expansion (CTE) of graphite is notafixed value but varies with temperature. For that reason, the CTE should always be quoted with the range of temperature of the test. When testing above 350°C, it is necessary to do so in an inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the graphite. The properties of molded graphite are reviewed in the following sections. The values given are taken from the open literature and manufacturer's data sheets and must be viewed accordingly.
98 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fullerenes 3.2 Density and Porosity The real density of molded graphite, that is the density exclusive of open porosity (measured with a pycnometer) but including closed-internal porosity, is 2.20 - 2.23 g/cm 3 . This value is near the theoretical density of the graphite crystal (2.25 g/cm 3 ), indicating that the amount of internal porosity is small and the structure of the material is well ordered. The apparent density of molded graphite, that is the density inclusive of porosity, varies considerably, depending on the process, the impregnation cycle and other factors. Values generally quoted in the industry are 1.4 - 2.0 g/cm 3 , corresponding to an open porosity of 10 - 35%. A common method of measuring apparent density is the Avogadro (or water-weight) method. To avoid overstating the result, air bubbles must be eliminated and the part must be perfectly dry before testing. Typical pore-size distribution of several molded graphite materials is shown in Fig. 5.5. I12] 9 7 - - Micro Grain 6 - 5 4 - - Fine Grain 3 - Medium Grain 2 - 1m., A 12 3 4 30 100 Pore Size |xm Figure 5.5. Pore-size distribution of various grades of molded graphite.' 12 '
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HANDBOOK OF CARBON, GRAPHITE, DIAMO
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Contents 1 Introduction and General
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xii Contents 5.0 ELECTRICAL PROPERT
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xiv Contents 2.0 THE CVD OF PYROLYT
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xvi Contents 6.0 CERAMIC-MATRIX, CA
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xviii Contents 4.0 NATURAL AND HIGH
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xx Contents 2.0 STRUCTURE OF THE FU
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Preface ix technology, processes, e
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2 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fu
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10 Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and F
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Page 137 and 138: Vitreous Carbon 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
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8 Carbon Fibers 1.0 GENERAL CONSIDE
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Applications of Carbon Fibers 1.0 C
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11 Structure and Properties of Diam
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12 Natural and High-Pressure Synthe
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13 CVD Diamond 1.0 INTRODUCTION The
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15 The Fullerene Molecules 1.0 GENE
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Glossary Ablation: The removal of m
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Index Ablation 38 Absorption bands
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Copyright © 1993 by Noyes Publicat
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vi Series HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL VAPO
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