handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond and fullerenes

Carbon Fibers 169
The carbon-fiber industry is going through rapid changes and, at times,
bewildering gyrations, both in the U.S. and abroad, as companies change
ownership, licenses are granted, and partnerships created and dissolved.
In addition, the internationalization of the business is spreading and it is
becoming increasingly difficult to group the producers of carbon fibers by
country since many operations are international in character and ownership.
Table 8.2 is a partial list of carbon-fiber producers in operation in 1992,
with their trademark and licences.
Table 8.2. Producers of Carbon Fibers in 1992, Partial List
(Trademark in brackets)
Akzo, Germany and Knoxville, Tn, Toho Rayon Licensee (Tenax)
Amoco Performance Products, Atlanta, GA, Toray licensee (Thornel)
Ashland Carbon Fibers, Inc., Ashland, KY (Carbofles)
BASF, Germany, and Charlotte, NC, Toho Licensee (Celion)
BP Chemicals, UK, and Santa Ana, CA
Enka, Germany, Toho licensee (Carbolon)
Fortafil Carbon, Rockwood, TN, subsidiary of Akzo (Fortafil)
Grafil, Sacramento, CA, subsidiary of Mitsubishi Rayon (Grafil)
Hercules, Magma, UT (Hercules)
Kureha Chemicals, Japan
Mitsubishi Rayon, Japan (Pyrofil)
Morganite, UK (Modmor)
Nippon Petrochemicals, Japan (Granoc)
Rolls-Royce, UK
Sigri Elektrographit, Germany (Sigrafil)
Soficar, France, Toray licensee
Toho Rayon Co., Japan (Bestfight)
Toray, Japan, and Kirkland, WA (Torayca)
1.3 Carbon and Graphite Nomenclature
As seen in Chs. 3 and 4, carbon and graphite materials are polycrystalline
aggregates, composed of small graphitic crystallites with varying
degree of basal plane alignment.
The structure of carbon fibers is mostly turbostratic with little graphitic
character and may in some cases include sp 3 bonds (see below). For that